汽车设计史 051320104 李翌华

1、汽车设计史Automobile design history李翌华051320104030201汽车介绍04汽车的产生与发展汽车设计史上的重要人物汽车技术前沿流程图汽车汽车 auto，automobile“汽车”（auto，automobile）英文原译为“自动车”，在日本也称“自动车”（日本汉字中的汽车则是指我们所说的火车）其他文种也多是“自动车”，唯有我国例外。 Car (auto, automobile) English translation of the original automatic car, in Japan, also known as the automatic car

2、 (Japanese characters in the car while the train is what we call) other languages are also mostly automatic car, only the exception of china.燃料技术 Fuel technology 内燃机（Internal-combustion engine）、蒸汽车（Steam Car）、纯电动车（Pure electric vehicle）、氢气车（Hydrogen vehicle）、混合动力车（Hybrid cars）、替代燃料车（Alternative fuel

3、 Vehicle）、汽油（Gasoline）、柴油（Diesel）、液化石油气（Liquefied petroleum gas）、生质柴油（Biodiesel）、直接喷射（Direct Injection）、间接喷射（Indirect Injection）、汽油直接喷射（Gasoline direct injection）、柴油直接喷射（Diesel Direct Injection；DDI）cold waterPistonCylindersteam冷水活塞气缸蒸汽 纽可门蒸汽机驱动方式 Driving method 二轮驱动（前轮驱动、后轮驱动）、四轮驱动引擎位置 Engine positi

4、on 前置引擎、前中置引擎（Front-mid-engine design）、后中置引擎（Rear-mid-engine design）、后置引擎（Rear-engine design）传动型式 Drive type 前置前驱、前置后驱、前中置后驱（FMR layout）、后中置后驱（RMR layout）、后置后驱引擎结构 The structure of engine 汽油引擎、柴油引擎、火花点火、压缩点火、二冲程循环、四冲程循环、汽门挺杆式（Over Head Valve；OHV）、顶上凸轮轴式、顶上双凸轮轴式、直列引擎（Straight engine）、往复引擎、水平对卧引擎、转子引擎

5、、V型引擎、H型引擎（H engine）、W型引擎 汽车是复杂颇高的工业化产品，包含有各式各样的主系统、次系统及零组件。以一般小轿车而言，就有引擎系统、底盘系统及电气电子设备系统等主要系统；主系统之下又有冷却系统、润滑系统、点火系统、启动系统、传动系统、刹车系统、悬吊系统、转向系统等次系统。一部车约有多达8千多个零组件、3万多种零件。The car is quite complex industrial products, include main system, various subsystems and components. In general the car is concerne

6、d, the main system is the engine, chassis systems and electrical and electronic equipment system; the main system and the cooling system, lubricating system, ignition system, starting system, transmission system, braking system, suspension system, steering system subsystem. A car has about as many a

7、s 8 thousand components, 30000 kinds of parts.030201汽车介绍04汽车的产生与发展汽车设计史上的重要人物汽车技术前沿流程图汽车的产生与发展汽车的产生与发展The emergence and The emergence and development of development of automobilesautomobiles汽车之最车身的演进汽车简史介绍A brief history of the introduction of automobileThe evolution of the bodyThe three revolution

8、in the history of automobile industry汽车工业史上的三次变革The limit on the auto流程图The invention of the steam engineThe advent of steam car蒸汽机发明前蒸汽汽车问世开始大量流水式生产汽车汽车史的三个阶段 The three stage of automotive historyStarted mass production of automobile蒸汽机发明前 The invention of the steam engine 蒸汽机发明前，马车是陆地上最好的交通工具。 The

9、 invention of the steam engine, the carriage is the best transportation on land. 除了人力和畜力，人们还懂得利用风力和水力。 In addition to human and animal, people also know the use of wind and water.蒸汽汽车问世 The advent of steam car 1698年萨维利亚和1705年纽可门先后发明了蒸汽机，当时蒸汽机的效率极低。 In 1698 1705 Niukemen SA Sevilla and has invented t

10、he steam engine, steam engine time efficiency is very low. 1766年英国瓦特改进了蒸汽机，大大提高蒸汽机工作效率，拉开了第一次工业革命的序幕。 In 1766 the British Watt improved steam engine, greatly improve the working efficiency of the steam engine, was a prelude to the first industrial revolution. 1769年法国尼古拉约瑟夫古诺制造了世界第一辆蒸汽驱动的三轮汽车。 In 176

11、9 the French N.J. Cugnot made the first steam driven world of three wheeled vehicle. 随后古诺又于1770年和1771年两度改进了蒸汽汽车。 Then Cournot improved the steam car in 1770 and 1771. 古诺的尝试给予后来者极大的启发和激励，是古代交通运输和现代交通运输的分水岭，具有划时代的意义。 Cournot try to give later of great inspiration and motivation, is the watershed betwe

12、en ancient transportation and modern transportation, is of epoch-making significance. 1769年尼古拉约瑟夫古诺的大炮牵引车In 1769 Nicholas Cugnot artillery tractor. 1800年艾提力雷诺制作了一种与燃料在外部燃烧的蒸汽机（即外燃机）不同的发动机，人们后来称这类发动机为内燃机。 In 1800 Etience Lenor made a steam engine with the fuel in the external combustion (i.e. externa

13、l combustion engine) different engine, people later called this kind of engine is an internal combustion engine. 摇臂 弹簧凸轮轴阀门内燃机原理内燃机原理 1876年康特尼姑扎奥托发明了对进入汽缸的空气进行压缩后点火，提高了发动机效率，具有进气、压缩、做功、排气四个行程。后为了纪念奥托，将这一循环称为“奥托循环”。 In 1876 Conte Niguza Otto invented the compression of air entering a cylinder after i

14、gnition, improves engine efficiency, with intake, compression, exhaust work, four stroke. Later in order to commemorate Otto, this cycle is called the Otto cycle.奥托循环原理 1879年卡尔本茨发明了二冲程实验性发动机。 In 1879 Carle Benz invented the two stroke engine experiment. 1885年卡尔本茨制造了第一辆本茨专利机动车（二冲程单缸，0.9马力汽油机），具备了现代汽车

15、的基本特点。 In 1885 Carle Benz made the first car Benz patent motor (two stroke single cylinder, 0.9 horsepower gasoline engine), with the basic features of modern automobile. 1886年戴姆勒在威廉迈巴特的协助下制成了世界上第一辆“无马之车”。世界上第一辆汽油发电机驱动的四轮汽车就此诞生。 In 1886, Daimler produced the worlds first horseless carriage in Willia

16、m mabbutt assistance. The worlds first gasoline generator driven four wheeled vehicle was born. 人们一般都把1886年作为汽车元年，也有些学者把卡尔.苯茨制成第一辆三轮汽车之年(1885)，视为汽车诞生年。苯茨和戴姆勒则被尊为汽车工业的鼻祖，被并称为“汽车之父”。 People are put in 1886 as the first year of automobile, also some scholars to Carle. Benzene CI made the first of three

17、 wheeled automobile of the year (1885), as the year of the birth of automobile. Benzene Ci and Daimler is hailed as the originator of the automobile industry, is known as the father of automobiles.开始大量流水式生产汽车 Started mass production of automobile 福特于1903年创立了福特汽车公司，提出了将奢侈品变为人们必需品的主张，要求汽车可靠、耐用、操作简便、售价

18、低廉、使用和维修费用低，即产生普及型汽车。此后，福特致力于普及型汽车T型车的开发。 Ford founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903, put forward to the necessities of human luxury advocate, requests the automobile reliability, durability, convenient operation, low cost, use and low maintenance cost, which produce vehicles. Since then, the devel

19、opment of Ford committed to universal type car T car. 1908年秋，令人注目的福特T型车隆重问世了。T型车的各种零件被首次设计成统一规格，实现了总成互换：在大型总装车间，钟表制造业采用的总成装配法被他发展成为由机械传送带运送零件和工具的流水线装配法，极大地提高了工作效率。 The autumn of 1908, the model T Ford compelling grand was published. T various parts of the car was first designed to achieve uniform sp

20、ecifications, assembly Interchange: in large assembly workshop, assembly manufacturing of watches and clocks using assembly method developed by him to become the assembly line method by mechanical conveyor belt move parts and tools, which greatly improves the work efficiency. 1913年，福特公司在汽车城底特律市建成了世界

21、第一条汽车装配流水线，使T型车成为大批量生产的开端，汽车装配时间从12.5h缩短到1.5h，售价从开始的一辆850美元，最后降到360美元。1915年福特一个公司的汽车年产量就站美国汽车公司总产量的70%，从1908年到1927年，T型车共生产了1500多万辆。 In 1913, Ford Motor Co has built the worlds first automobile assembly line in Detroit Auto City, makes T car to become the beginning of mass production, automobile asse

22、mbly time reduces from 12.5h to 1.5h, the price from the beginning of a $850 to $360, at last. In 1915 Ford a company car annual output station American Motor Corp 70% of total output, from 1908 to 1927, T car produced a total of about 15000000 cars. T型车使福特获得了巨大的成功，为福特赢得了汽车大王的美誉。同时，T型车成为普通民众的交通工具，改变

23、了人们的生活方式、思维方式和娱乐方式，将人类带入了汽车时代。 T car to Ford achieved great success, winning the reputation of the Ford car king. At the same time, T car became the ordinary people of transportation, has changed peoples way of life, way of thinking and way of entertainment, will be the mankind into the era of autom

24、obile.福特汽车 福特公司的第一条装配流水线2.箱型3.甲壳虫型4.船型5.鱼型6.楔型Box typeBox typeBeatles formBeatles formCymbaeformCymbaeformMatsyasanaMatsyasanaWedgeWedge车身的演进 The evolution of the body1.马车型Carriage formCarriage form马车形汽车 Carriage form 最早出现的汽车，其车身造型基本沿用了马车的形式，因此称为“无马的马车”。The earliest car body styling, it follows the

25、basic form of the carriage, and is therefore called the horseless carriages.箱形汽车 Box type 马车形汽车很难抵挡风雨的袭击，美国福特汽车公司在1915年生产出一种新型的福特T型车，这种车的车室很像一只箱子，并装有门窗，人们把这类车称为“箱型汽车”。 The carriage shaped car is very difficult to resist the attack of wind and rain, Ford Motor Company in the United States in 1915 to

26、produce a model T Ford model, the car room like a box, and is provided with doors and windows, people of this kind of car called the box car.甲壳虫型汽车 Beatles form 随着生活节奏的加快，人们对车速的要求越来越高，作为高速车来讲，箱型车身阻力大，妨碍了汽车前进的速度，所以人们又开始研究出一种车型流线型汽车，代表作甲壳虫汽车。 With the accelerated pace of life, people on the speed of t

27、he increasingly high demand, as high-speed car, box type body resistance, prevents the vehicle forward speed, so people began to study a model - streamlined car, Masterpiece - beetle. 1934年美国克莱斯勒公司生产的气流牌小客车，首先采用了流线型的车身外形。1936年福特公司在“气流”的基础上加以精炼，并吸收商品学要素，研制成功林肯和风牌流线型小客车，此车散热器罩很精炼，并具有动感，俯视整个车身呈纺锤形，独具特色

28、。 In 1934 America Chrysler company production of airflow card small buses, first the streamlined body shape. In 1936 the Ford Motor Co in the air on the basis of refining, and absorption of commodity science elements, Lincoln and the wind brand streamlined small passenger car developed, this car rad

29、iator cover is very refined, and is dynamic, overlooking the entire body is spindle shaped, unique. Streamlined body mass production was started from the German public. In 1933, German dictator Hitler asked Dr. Porsche to design a popular car, Porsche designed a similar beetle shape car. Porsche to

30、maximize the strengths of the Beatles appearance, become the king of car of its kind, the b e e t l e h a s b e c o m e synonymous with the car.流线型车身的大量生产是从德国的大众开始的。1933年德 国独裁者希特勒要求波尔舍博士设计一种大众化的汽车，波尔舍设计了一种类似甲壳虫外形的汽车。波尔舍最大限度的发挥了甲壳虫外形的长处，成为同类车中之王，甲壳虫也成为该车的代名词。船型汽车 Cymbaeform 美国福特公司经过几年的努力，于1949年推出具有历史

31、意义的新型的福特V8型汽车。 USA Ford Motor Co after several years of efforts, in 1949 the introduction of new Ford V8 automobile has historical significance. 这种车型改变了以往汽车造型的模式，使前翼子板与发动机罩、后翼子板和行李舱罩融于一体，大灯和散热器罩也形成一个平滑的面，车室位于车的中部，整个造型很像一个小船，所以人们把这类车称为“船型汽车”。 This model has changed the previous vehicle modeling mode,

32、 make the front fender and hood, rear wing and luggage compartment cover into a whole, headlights and the radiator cover also form a smooth surface, located in Central car room, the shape is like a boat, so people see this kind of car called ship of automobile.鱼型汽车 Matsyasana 船型汽车尾部过分向后伸出，形成台阶状，在高速时

33、会产生较强的空气涡流。为了克服这一缺陷，人们把船型车的后窗玻璃逐渐倾斜，倾斜的极限即成为斜背式。由于斜背式汽车的背部像鱼的背脊，所以这类车称为“鱼型汽车”。Ship type automobile tail too back out, forming a step shape, in the high speed will produce strong air vortex. In order to overcome these shortcomings, people put the rear window glass ship car gradually tilt, inclined li

34、mit becomes a fastback. The fastback car back like a fishs back, so this kind of car called fish car. 鱼型汽车基本保留了船型汽车的长处，车室宽大，视野开阔，舒适度高，除此之外，鱼型车还增大了行李舱容积。 Fish based vehicle retains ship auto strengths, compartment is spacious, open field of vision, high comfort, in addition, fish based vehicle increa

35、ses the luggage compartment volume.楔型汽车 Wedge 鱼型车后窗玻璃倾斜角度大，强度下降，产生结构上的缺陷。高速时会产生一种升力，使车轮附着力小抵挡不住横风的吹袭，会引发汽车偏离。为了根本解决鱼型汽车的升力问题，1963年斯蒂倍克阿本提第一次设计了楔形汽车。 Fish car rear window glass tilt angle, strength decreased, produce structure defects. High speed will . High speed will produce a lift, so that the whe

36、el force is small can not withstand the cross wind blowing, will cause the deviation of vehicles. In order to lift problem solved fish car, 1963 Stiba J Aben Te first designed the wedge-shaped vehicle.第一次变革流水线大批量生产第二次变革汽车产品多样化第三次变革精益的生产方式汽车发展史上的三次变革 The three change the history of the development of

37、 automobile The first change is the Ford Motor Company in the United States launched the T vehicle, the invention of the automobile assembly line, so that the center of gravity of the world automobile industry from Europe to the United states. 第一次变革是美国福特汽车公司推出第一次变革是美国福特汽车公司推出T型车型车,发明了汽车装发明了汽车装 配流水线配

38、流水线,使世界汽车工业的重心从欧洲转向美国。使世界汽车工业的重心从欧洲转向美国。红旗法规 The red flag regulations 英国颁布了世界上最早的机动车法规，即所谓的“红旗法规”。蒸汽汽车必须有两人以上参加驾驶，车前方55m处必须有人高举红旗或红灯开路，示意马车、行人避让；锅炉燃烧所排出的煤灰、黑烟对沿街住户和行人造成危害，也引起了市民的不满。这个原因一定程度上制约了英国汽车的发展。 The UK has issued the worlds first motor vehicle regulations, the so-called red flag regulations.

39、Steam cars must have more than two people in the front of the vehicle driving, 55m must have someone hold high the red or red light open, schematic carriages, pedestrian avoidance; boiler burning coal ash discharged black smoke, the harm to the occupants and pedestrians along the street, also caused

40、 the dissatisfaction of the public. For this reason a certain extent restricts the development of the British car. 第二次变革是欧洲通过多品种的生产方式,打破了美国汽车公司在世界车坛上的长期垄断地位,使世界汽车工业的重心从美国又转回欧洲。 Second change is Europe through the production of more varieties, broke the long-term monopoly of American Motor Corp in th

41、e world motor racing, so the center of gravity of the world automobile industry from the United States back to europe. 第三次变革是日本通过完善生产管理体制,形成精益生产方式,全力发展物美价廉的经济型轿车,日本成了继美国、欧洲之后世界第三个汽车工业发展中心。 Third change is Japan through the improvement of production management system, forming a lean production mode,

42、the full development of economic type of car cheap, Japan has become after the United States, Europe third world automobile industry development center.日本汽车的发展 The development of Japanese cars 二战以前是日本汽车工业的萌芽期。这一时期日本人开始制造汽车，政府也开始意识到汽车产业的重要性，并出台政策进行扶持。1936年，汽车制造行业法正式在日本国内开始实施，日本汽车真正国产化的序幕由此拉开。 Before

43、World War II is the embryonic period of Japanese automobile industry. Japanese in this period began to build cars, the government also began to realize the importance of the automobile industry, and the introduction of policies to support. In 1936, the automobile manufacturing industry law formally

44、implemented in Japan, the Japanese automobile true Prelude nationalization which began. 二战后的20年（1945年至20世纪60年代中期）是日本现代汽车工业的基础阶段。日本经济在经历了二战的毁灭和战后十年的复苏之后，在1955年进入高速发展阶段。汽车产业也在这一段时间打下了坚实的基础。 After the Second World War 20 years (1945 to twentieth Century 60 in the mid-1990s) is the basic stage of modern

45、 Japanese automobile industry. The Japanese economy after World War II destroyed and ten years after the war the recovery, in 1955 to enter the stage of rapid development. The automobile industry is also in this period of time to lay a solid foundation. 20世纪60年代中期到20世纪70年代，日本汽车工业高速发展。1967年日本超过德国而成为第

46、二大汽车生产国，国内汽车销量首次超过百万辆。1970年，日本国内汽车销量达到238万辆，千人平均保有量达到170辆。比1950年增加了将近60倍。在这段时间，普通劳动者成为汽车的主流买主，汽车不再是社会地位的象征而成为了代步工具。 In twentieth Century 60 in the mid-1990s to 70 in twentieth Century, the rapid development of the Japanese automobile industry. In 1967, more than Germany and Japan to become the secon

47、d largest automobile producing country, domestic vehicle sales for the first time in more than a million cars. In 1970, domestic car sales in Japan reached 2380000 units, 1000 people car retains the quantity achieves 170 average. Than in 1950 increased nearly 60 times. At this time, ordinary workers

48、 become the mainstream buyers of cars, the car is no longer a symbol of social status and become the tool of ride instead of walk. 20世纪70年代的石油危机重创了欧美车商，但是却让推崇小排量车的日本车企从中受益，1976年，日本汽车出口达到250万辆之多，首次超过国内销量。 In twentieth Century 70s oil crisis hit Europe and the United States car business, but let the e

49、steem of small displacement cars Japanese car enterprises benefit from 1976, the Japanese car exports reached 2500000 vehicles, more than domestic sales for the first time. 有资料显示，20世纪70年代以后，虽然日本经济走向成熟，经济增长率下降，但汽车产业继续保持近15%的高增长率。而日本汽车产业的这一“黄金时期”基本持续到20世纪80年代中期。 Data shows, twentieth Century 70 years

50、later, although the Japanese economy, economic growth rate of decline, but the auto industry continue to maintain high growth rates near 15%. This golden age of Japanese auto industry basic lasted until twentieth Century 80 time metaphase. 日本车打入美洲市场是能源紧张，油价上涨的70年代，而这时的日本汽车最省油。 Japanese car into the

51、American market is the energy shortage, rising oil prices in 70, while the most fuel-efficient Japanese cars. 此后，日本汽车市场的增长速度也开始减缓，但出口依然强势，推动汽车产业的不断发展。 Since then, the Japanese car market growth slowed, but exports remain strong, promote the development of auto industry.VS 安全性高操控性强稳定性好载重能力强 轻 快 省油 日产

52、车or德产车？大家知道日本车为什么省油么？车轻！ 风阻系数并不是最根本的因素，因为风阻系数的作用是与速度有关的。为什么在日本车迅速占领市场的时候，德国人却不生产同样省油的廉价车与其竞争呢？是因为他们做汽车的目的不一样！ The drag coefficient is not the most fundamental factor, because the drag coefficient of the effect is related to velocity. Why when Japanese car and quickly occupied the market, the Germans

53、 did not produce the same fuel-efficient cars to compete with cheap? Is because they do not like the cars purpose!德国车比日本车重，主要因为以下方面原因： 1)为确保高速行驶的操控性、稳定性、安全性（车体刚性），德国车的底盘用料十足，特别结实，德国车几乎没有加装平衡杆的，而日本车比比皆是！ To ensure high speed maneuverability, stability, safety (rigid body), German car chassis material

54、 full, especially strong, German cars have almost no installation of the balance bar, and Japanese car meet the eye everywhere!2）德国车发动机底部大多装有高强度防护板，而日本车除了中高档车外基本没有装（光这一点重量就相差至少2030斤）。 German car engine bottom mostly equipped with high strength protective plate, and in addition to the Japanese car in

55、 high-end car basically no loading (light this point weight by at least 20 - 30 kg).3）德国车采用前后高强度加强型吸能保险杠，而日本车所谓的碰撞吸能，是以牺牲保护汽车内部部件为代价来保护乘客，中低速碰撞就会导致碰撞部位严重变形，往往伤及内部部件，使得维修费用大增。 German car used before and after high strength reinforced type energy absorbing bumpers, and Japanese car called the collisio

56、n energy absorption, is to protect the passengers at the expense of protect the internal components in the vehicle, low speed collision will lead to serious deformation of collision position, often damaging internal components, making the repair cost increase. 4）同排量德国车的载重能力往往比日本车要高出30！（同排量的宝来/高尔夫比花冠

57、载重能力高出150斤！）。为此，德国车的避震弹簧更粗，避震装置自然更重。 The carrying capacity of the same displacement of German cars tend to be up to 30% higher than Japanese cars! (the same emission Bora / golf than corolla load capacity higher than 150 catties!). Therefore, the shock absorber spring German cars more rough, shock a

58、bsorber natural heavier.5）德国车（比如POLO、GOLF等）采用钢板双面镀锌防锈工艺，空腔注腊技术、多层喷漆工艺等确保车身12年不生锈，而日本车给省了。 German car (such as POLO, GOLF etc.) adopts steel double-sided galvanized process, cavity wax injection technology, multi-layer painting process to ensure the body 12 years without rusting, and Japanese car to

59、save.6）同排量的车德国车的轮胎宽度往往比日本车大一号，由此也增加了重量。 The same cars German car tire width more often than Japanese cars big, it also increases the weight. 移动重量越重的静止物体要克服更大的惯性，要消耗更多的能量。同样，汽车自重越重就越耗油，尤其在城市拥堵路况开开停停行驶更加明显。 日本车之所以轻（相对省油），其实是“偷工减料”的结果，其所谓的省油在一定程度上是通过降低安全性与操控性为代价换来的。 Stationary objects moving weight hea

60、vier to overcome the greater inertia, consumes more energy. The same weight, the more weight the more gas guzzling cars, especially in city traffic jams open the stop running more obvious. Japanese car is light (relatively fuel-efficient), is actually a Jerry results, the so-called fuel-efficient is