PDC钻头设计基础

1、CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.PDC钻头设计理念介绍CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc. 理解钻头剖面结构解钻头剖面结构 剖面结构

2、对钻头性能的影响剖面结构对钻头性能的影响 后倒角特点后倒角特点 力平衡设计力平衡设计 切削结构特点切削结构特点 新的设计软件的应用新的设计软件的应用 - IDEAS - IDEAS内容CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.钻头剖面钻头剖面直接影响到以下性能:钻头稳定性钻头导向性布齿密度钻头寿命ROP清洗和冷却效果注：钻头的剖面设计必须与钻井环境需要相匹配CONFIDE

3、NTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.钻头剖面结构组成 钻头剖面包括:顶点锥形面鼻部肩部 外径弧面保径部分顶点锥形面鼻部保径部分外径弧面肩部CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith Interna

4、tional, Inc.锥面角锥面角顶点 钻头的几何中心点锥面 通常用角度来表示特点：深锥面 (90)浅锥面 (150)CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.深锥面特点深锥面特点 优点：较高的稳定性中心区域的金刚石覆盖率大不足之处：导向性不好；清洗效果不好；攻击能力低。CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be dis

5、closed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.浅锥面特点：浅锥面特点：优点：导向性强；清洗效果好；攻击性强。不足之处：稳定性差；金刚石覆盖率低。CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.鼻部位置定义鼻部位置定义 鼻部定义LRCONFIDENTIAL:

6、For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.鼻部曲面特点鼻部曲面特点 大曲面 (R)：通过大的表面面积来达到很好的抗冲击能力，适合在硬且夹层多的地层中使用。小或称尖曲面 (r)：可在切削片上形成较高的点式冲击，适合于软且均质性好的地层。得到较高的ROP.RrCONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reprodu

7、ced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.鼻部与中心距离的关系鼻部与中心距离的关系鼻部与中心距离小可提供给肩部更大的表面面积和布齿密度，适合软但是研磨性强的地层鼻部与保径部位距离近可给钻头冠部提供更大冠面面积 从而得到更好的冲击能力， 适合比较硬的地层LLCONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, In

8、c.肩部，外径曲面和保径肩部，外径曲面和保径肩部从鼻部外缘线到过渡面的曲面部分。外径曲面“外径曲面” 保持肩部和保径部分之间光滑的曲面。保径有助于钻头稳定和保持井眼尺寸。CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.钻头冠面的类型钻头冠面的类型4 种常规类型：平抛面短抛面中抛面长抛面平抛面常用在较硬且研磨性弱的地层；而长抛面常用在较软而且研磨性很强的地层。CONFIDENTI

9、AL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.平抛面应用：硬，非研磨性地层 (Ej.: L石灰岩，白云岩) 强力定向作业钻头冠面的类型钻头冠面的类型CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith Internatio

10、nal, Inc.应用： 硬且中等研磨性地层 (Ej.: Calcareous sandstone, limestone, cherts) 典型的定向作业短抛面钻头冠面的类型钻头冠面的类型CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.应用:中硬到硬且研磨性强的地层 (i.e.: Sandstone, limestone, hard shales) 转盘或是马达钻井作业中抛面钻

11、头冠面的类型钻头冠面的类型CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.应用： 软且研磨性地层 (i.e.: 硅质 shales, silicious clays) 适合转盘钻进长抛面钻头冠面的类型钻头冠面的类型CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced withou

12、t written permission from Smith International, Inc.钻头冠面的类型钻头冠面的类型短抛面中抛面平抛面长抛面CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.后倒角后倒角 这个角度的大小决定了PDC切削片攻击地层的能力。 大后倒角可以提高抗冲击能力和研磨能力。 小后倒角可以提高机械钻速。整个钻头上使用的后倒率是不一样的，这样可以得到不

13、同的目的，比如ROP 和寿命。B.RB.RCONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.1030后倒角后倒角攻击性较强，适合于软地层，可取得很高的机械钻速。攻击性较弱，适合于较硬地层，机械钻速低。CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without writte

14、n permission from Smith International, Inc.典型使用的后倒角典型使用的后倒角 后倒角后倒角5 to 10152030地层硬度特性非常软的粘土和泥岩。高 ROP适合所有地层。最好的应用是在软地层中shale)适合所有地层切削片寿命长最好是用在研磨性的砂岩地层比较硬的地层 典型的应用在保径部位CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.

15、6 blades / 16mm cutters12.25” M616VPX, ER20091后倒角的布置后倒角的布置CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.钻头冠面特点切削结构多套切削特点单套切削结构 - New IDEAS2力平衡刀翼分布刀翼和保径几何形状Lo-Vibe (可选)特性特殊切削结构 (e.g.: ARCS)稳定性特性影响因素介绍稳定性特性影响因素介绍CO

16、NFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.震动可能是由于钻头的特征产生的。有些特征是可见的，而有些是不可见的。可见的特征包括：刀翼形状和布置，保径形状，低磨阻块等；不可见特征包括：力平衡，复合片性能和结构等。加强稳定性特征切削结构切削结构CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or repr

17、oduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.定义定义: :通过独特的设计，来布置PDC 复合片从而达到预期的性能和寿命。目标目标: :通过独特的井底覆盖模式来满足不同的需求（硬度，研磨性，潜在的震动等） ，达到用户满意。切削结构切削结构CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.钻头的性能和

18、钻井效率直接受切削齿的布置类型影响。 多种布齿特点可能达到理想的性能和寿命的目的。切削结构切削结构CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.主要有两种 类型:切削结构的类型切削结构的类型CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written p

19、ermission from Smith International, Inc.最早期的和最常用的切削齿布置模式。切削齿沿着剖面分布，已达到完全的覆盖井底。这种布置结构就是单一模式，是每一颗齿都有独自的运动轨迹。单一模式11111111切削结构切削结构CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.CLr11 2 3 4 5 6 .切削结构切削结构CONFIDENTIAL: F

20、or Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.顺时针旋转逆时针旋转单一模式布置类型单一模式布置类型CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.顺时针旋转逆时针旋转单一模式布置类型单一模

21、式布置类型CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.顺时针旋转顺时针旋转逆时针旋转逆时针旋转.单一模式布置类型单一模式布置类型CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith Internati

22、onal, Inc.顺时针旋转比逆时针旋转类型稳定性要差，很难达到要求的稳定性。攻击性相对较强。逆时针旋转非常好的稳定性。攻击性比顺时针旋转设计要弱。单一模式布置类型单一模式布置类型CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.Rh1Rh2切削结构切削结构CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, use

23、d or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.钻头的性能（稳定性）和钻井效率（ROP）都直接的受切削齿布置得影响。在实际使用中，切削齿的不同的布置方式可能起到钻头性能和寿命的最佳效果。多元化切削齿的布置切削结构切削结构CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.所谓多元是指多

24、套的切削齿结构；其中每一套都包含了一系列的切削齿在每一套中的切削齿都有其各自的运动轨迹Plural SetSingle Set2223357101111111113572468CLGauge1111910切削结构切削结构多元化切削齿的布置CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.多元化的布置会形成比单一模式的更明显的脊结构Plural SetCn = 2Single Se

25、tCn = 1246813572468切削结构切削结构多元化切削齿的布置CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.力平衡切削结构切削结构CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith Inte

26、rnational, Inc.切削结构切削结构力平衡CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.切削齿的分布和定位切削齿的分布和定位径向位置指钻头中心到复合片面中心点的距离 。倾角指复合片沿着钻头剖面方向与钻头轴线垂直向的夹角。R.PI.A力平衡力平衡CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used

27、 or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.角位置如图所示，钻头的 0基准线和通过复合片面中心线的角度侧倒角指复合片面部延长线和通过钻头中心线的夹角。A.P Ref.S.R0 力平衡力平衡CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.纵向位置从基准水平线到复合片面中心线间的垂直

28、距离。0 REF.L.P所有的上述数据输入电脑程序，将有助于利用先进的软件来模拟每一颗切削齿与地层的切削模式和受力分析。力平衡力平衡CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.061s75.cfb size_type blade 1 0.1962 17.00 2.3383 -20.00 15.00 0.00 0.6250 13X10ANG1 1 2 0.4273 224.2

29、0 2.4224 -20.00 16.00 0.00 0.6250 13X10ANG1 3 3 0.7336 13.10 2.5339 -20.00 17.00 0.00 0.6250 13X10ANG1 1 4 0.9742 223.90 2.6214 -20.00 18.00 0.00 0.6250 13X10ANG1 3 5 1.1783 159.60 2.6954 -18.98 19.00 0.00 0.6250 13X10ANG1 4 6 1.4620 9.20 2.7604 -6.80 20.00 0.00 0.6250 1613 1 7 1.4620 63.20 2.7604 -

30、6.80 20.00 0.00 0.6250 13X10ANG1 5 8 1.7879 223.60 2.7604 6.80 20.00 0.00 0.6250 1613 3 9 1.7879 300.80 2.7604 6.80 20.00 0.00 0.6250 1613 2 10 2.1047 155.70 2.6837 20.42 20.00 0.00 0.6250 1613 4 11 2.3945 5.30 2.5346 34.03 20.00 0.00 0.6250 1613 1 12 2.3945 62.90 2.5346 34.03 20.00 0.00 0.6250 1613

31、 5 13 2.6411 223.30 2.3215 47.64 20.00 0.00 0.6250 1613 3 14 2.6411 298.10 2.3215 47.64 20.00 0.00 0.6250 1613 2 15 2.7989 151.80 2.1112 58.39 21.00 0.00 0.5290 1313 4 16 2.9223 1.40 1.8788 65.58 22.00 0.00 0.5290 1313 1 17 2.9223 62.60 1.8788 65.58 22.00 0.00 0.5290 1313 5 18 3.0161 223.00 1.6329 7

32、2.67 23.00 0.00 0.5290 1313 3 19 3.0161 295.40 1.6329 72.67 23.00 0.00 0.5290 1313 2 20 3.0713 147.90 1.4166 78.70 24.00 0.00 0.5290 1313 4 21 3.1035 357.50 1.1957 84.72 25.00 0.00 0.5290 1313 1 22 3.1035 62.30 1.1957 84.72 25.00 0.00 0.5290 1313 5 23 3.1125 222.70 0.9626 90.08 25.00 0.00 0.5290 131

33、3 3 24 3.1125 292.70 0.9626 90.08 25.00 0.00 0.5290 1313 2 25 3.0850 144.00 0.7741 90.01 30.00 0.00 0.5290 1313PF 4 26 3.0850 353.60 0.5857 90.00 30.00 0.00 0.5290 1313PF 1 27 3.0850 62.00 0.5857 90.00 30.00 0.00 0.5290 1313PF 5 28 3.0850 222.40 0.3972 90.00 30.00 0.00 0.5290 1313PF 3 29 3.0850 290.

34、00 0.3972 90.00 30.00 0.00 0.5290 1313PF 2 力平衡力平衡切削齿序号径向位置圆周角齿高剖面角度后倒角侧倒角复合片尺寸复合片尺寸刀翼号CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.复合片受力图Fv = Vertical Force (WOB)Fc = Circumferential Force (RPM)Fr = Radial Force

35、Fn = Normal Force (Resultant).力平衡力平衡CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.切削的形状切削地层形成的形状对钻头的稳定性有影响。对称切削 (理想状态) 没有偏离的作用力产生 (径向力).非对称的切削形状会产生使钻头产生偏心运动偏离作用力Fn1Fn2Fc2Fc1Fr1Fv1FnFv2Fr2力平衡力平衡CONFIDENTIAL: For I

36、nternal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.非对称的切削形状Fn2Fc2Fv2Fr2Fn1Fc1Fr1Fv1Fn力平衡力平衡CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.欠平衡力随着钻头的工作

37、，钻压作用在切削齿上，总扭矩也就通过所有转动力（FC)产生了。FcFcFrFrFcFcFrFrrWOBWOBXX力平衡力平衡CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.所有的径向力和转动力累加起来就决定了欠平衡力的大小和方向。两个欠平衡力的合力就是总的欠平衡力。力平衡力平衡CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disc

38、losed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.直刀翼和螺旋刀翼刀翼的形状和布置对减少钻头震动，有一定的影响。螺旋刀翼螺旋刀翼a ai ia ai+1i+1直刀翼直刀翼刀翼形状刀翼形状CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.直刀翼和螺旋刀翼对于直刀翼来说

39、，切削齿的径向力完全累加到了保径上。而螺旋刀翼，仅是部分的径向力作用在了保径上，是比直刀翼的影响小的。 Fr1Fr2Fr3Fr4Fr5Fr6Fr1Fr2Fr3Fr4Fr5Fr6S SFriS SFricos aiS SFriS SFricos ai刀翼形状刀翼形状CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.直刀翼和螺旋刀翼(cont.)较低的保径应力减小了钻头随保径本身转动

40、的几率。同时，因为转动而产生的震动破坏了也降低到了最小化。刀翼形状刀翼形状CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.螺旋刀翼减小保径所受应力，最小化震动发生，提高稳定性。是保证力平衡的主要结构。刀翼形状刀翼形状CONFIDENTIAL: For Internal Use Only.May not be disclosed, used or reproduced without written permission from Smith International, Inc.对称 与 非对称对称刀翼是指