Middle_Ages_Lecture_Notes_PowerPoint1中世纪课件

1、Middle Ages PowerPointbased on Ms. Bates Lecture NotesMiddle Ages approx. 4761500 C.E. the time after the Classical Age of ancient Greece and Rome and before the RenaissanceLess often called Medieval times (not mid-evil)Early middle Ages sometimes called the Dark Ages 476 to 1000 C.E. Dark Ages is a

2、n unfair term since a lot was going on during this time.High middle Ages 1000-1300 C.E.Late middle Ages 1300-1500 C.E.Fall of Rome / Middle Ages In 476 C.E., warriors attacked the city of Rome and ended more than 800 years of glory for the “eternal city.” Historians mark the fall of Rome as the end

3、of ancient history. The next 1000 years were called the Middle Ages. The beginning of the Middle Ages is often called the Dark Ages because Rome had fallen and life in Europe was hard. Very few could read and write, and no one expected conditions to improve. The only hope for most was their belief i

4、n Christianity, and the hope that life in heaven would be better than life on earth. Politically: Religiously: Chaos and Reorganization Barbarian invasions Merged in with existing populations feudalismAge of Faith Roman Catholic church was a strong institution that created stability in the face of r

5、apid secular change. Church was often the only way to get an education.Monks: ScriptoriumIllumination: Decorative borders on manuscripts the monks copied.Calligraphy:Fancy script used by monks.Monastaries produced many well-educated men prepared to serve as administrators for uneducated kings and lo

6、rds.Feudalism: Hierarchical system in which every man is another mans vassal (or servant) hardly any movement at all through the system in early MA A bit more movement in high and late MA Manor: estate Lord: head of manor Lady: wife of lord Knight: Lord/son of Lord Vassal: underlord; feudal tenant S

7、erf: workers; bound to the lord of the castle; 4/5 of income went to the lord; no chance to change your life if you were a serf; no way to work your way up; no time for theater, etc.Feudalism, cont.KINGS: Kings at top of hierarchy; collected from barons As Gods deputy on earth (“divine right of king

8、s”), cant question the kings authorityBARONS: Important noblemen Rich and powerful Barons collected from lords, lords collected from peasants, etc. Land was almost the only form of wealth; Rank and power were determined by the amount of land you had.Feudalism, cont.BISHOPS: Of the church Were often

9、of equal power to barons; had property and wealthFief feef: grant of land given directly by the king; in return, nobelmen gave the king soldiers in wartime.LORDS (KNIGHTS): first and foremost a lord was a knight by profession: provided men and arms for baron and king. Also often raided each others p

10、roperties. Chivalry: medieval institution of knighthood; qualities idealized by knightsbravery, courtesy, honestyFeudalism, cont.: FREEMEN: FREEMEN: owned their own land independently of a lord In early feudalism, freemen were limited to the LORDS APPOINTED OFFICIALS, and A FEW MERCHANTS AND CRAFTSM

11、EN (much more in later middle ages as economy changed).Feudalism, cont.: PEASANTS:PEASANTS (a.k.a SERFS/VILLEINS)/SLAVES): Lived on the lords manor. Peasants work: EVERYTHINGland, animals, animals dung, homes, clothes, BELONGED TO THE LORD OF THE MANOR. Couldnt leave the manor property without permi

12、ssion More than 90% of the population were peasants or slaves, according to the Domesday Book (pronounced Dooms-day, and DOES mean that; suggests it is a definitive census).Parts of a Medieval CastleSome Important Historical Events: 1066 Norman Conquest Domesday Book Crusades PlagueSome Important Hi

13、storical Events:1066 Norman Conquest KNOW THIS DATE William of Normandy (called William the Conqueror), who already controlled northern France, invaded and conquered England in 1066 C.E., with the decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings. Old French became language of power, commerce, and religion

14、 in England End of Old English (looks/sounds very German; the language of Beowulf) French merged with Old English to produce Middle English, the language of Chaucerclose enough to modern English that we can recognize it.Some Important Historical Events:Domesday Book commissioned by William the Conqu

15、eror in 1087: Census, land register, and income record to create a tax roll Can learn a lot about commerce, absolutely everything that everyone owned Learn a lot about common names and daily life According to the Domesday Book, slavery was fairly commonplace. Lists 10% of Englands people as slaves.

16、Germanic tribes also enslaved Slavic neighbors (thus the word slavery). Africans were sold across the Islamic world. Can see original copy in the British Library (a museum of manuscripts)Some Important Historical Events:CRUSADES: 1095 Pope Urban II called for a holy war against the Muslim Turks who

17、controlled what he saw as the Christian Holy Land of Palestine. Pope said if you died fighting in a crusade, you would go to heaven. 8 crusades in total over 200 yearsthe last 7 failed horribly due to disease, cold, hunger, and battles. Another negative effect from the point of view of the Christian

18、 Western Europeans: galvanized Muslims and gave them a stronger foothold/following in the Middle East; the opposite of their goal.Some Important Historical Events:CRUSADES,cont.:SOME BENEFITS TO EUROPE: Increased trade and new merchant class. Increase in art and education: Greek language and Plato s

19、tudied again; philosophy, math. Increase in religious inspiration due to dedication to God; art, architecture. Crusades also greatly contributed to a secular kind of hero-worship of knights (shown in tapestries, tales).Plague/Black Death: Took out 54 million 1/3 of population wiped out Defining even

20、t(s) of the Middle Ages Spread by fleas which lived on rats A lack of cleanliness added to their vulnerability: crowded with poor sanitation; ate stale or diseased meat; primitive medicine (people were often advised to not bathe b/c open skin pores might let in the disease). Highly contagious diseas

21、e nodules would burst around the area of the flea bite.In 1347, Italian merchant ships returned from the Black Sea, one of the links along the trade route between Europe and China. Many of the sailors were already dying of the plague, and within days the disease had spread from the port cities to th

22、e surrounding countryside. The disease spread as far as England within a year.Some Important Cultural Changes:Flowering of Poetry about Courtly Love2. Peasant Uprisings and Plague (1/3 of population at one point)Some Important Cultural Changes:Flowering of Poetry About Courtly Love: For nobles only

23、Troubadours (professional singers) sang of courtliness, brave deeds, and Romantic love accompanied by a harp or lute. Courtly love poetry praised an idealized, distant, unattainable lady love (e.g. Beatrice in Dantes Divine Comedy) Artificial passion with strict rules. For instance, a loved one coul

24、d be married to someone else. Developed in literature stories of unrequited love and heroic knights. E.g., Arthurian legends in France; best is Lancelot by Chretien de Troyes about the court of King Arthur, a Celtic chieftain of 6th century Britain who fought the Anglo-Saxon invaders.Flowering of Po

25、etry About Courtly Love, cont.: As often seen in lit/art: Told in manner of late Middle Ages with forbidden love, knightly combats, and colorful pageantry. Hearty, masculine culture of early Middle Ages was giving way to a more tranquil, confident, and leisurely society. Over time, a nobles castle b

26、ecame more of a theater for refined pleasures than a barracks for fighting men.Some Important Cultural Changes: Peasant Uprisings & Plague Guilds grew in late middle ages. Craftsmen each had their own guild: ropemakers, armorers, mailmakers, master dyers, stonemasons, weavers, etc. Plague freed

27、many from vassalage and opened up opportunities. Difficult hierarchical training program from apprentice to master and job placement. Functioned as a union of sorts. Guilds became very rich and powerful over time. Origin of freemasons, for instance. Dante Why would this kind of writing make sense fo

28、r its time? Year: 1318. Everything seen in terms of religion. What do people need, yearn for? Certainty, structure, organization. What behavior, thinking, is encouraged and rewarded?Dutiful, loyal, not challenge the status quo, religious piety, knowing your place, central authorityAnswer #3Answer #1Answer #2Common Elements between the Rich and the Poor in the Middle Ages: Subservience to Gods church Church play