语法概论和构词法

1、120120923English GrammarWhy should we learn Grammar? Have a better understanding of the target language Enable us to understand how sentences are constructed and to construct our own sentences Different Grammar of different languages A teacher must be equipped with adequate knowledge of grammar so t

2、hat he can teach his student how to formulate sentences etc. Why should we learn Grammar? an inadequate knowledge of grammar would severely constrain linguistic creativity and limit the capacity for communication How to learn Grammar well Get an overview of English grammar from a text book or online

3、 resource. Read a lot. Look out for grammar aspects you want to remember, mark them and think about why it is used the way it is. Do some grammar exercise. Practice each grammar point until you can use it easily. Dont remember grammatical rules by rote because there are no rules without exceptions.

4、Learn grammar through language phenomena.Do not delve into Grammar too deeply because it is at times an obstacle to learning English. Grammar : the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences, or the study or use of these rules: -Longman Dictionary What is grammar? 语法是研究词

5、形变化和句子结构的科学； 研究词形变化的部分称为词法 (Morphology)； 研究句子结构的部分称为句法 (Syntax)。Prescriptive Grammar- e.g. If I were you.Descriptive Grammar- e.g. If I was you.Teaching Grammar- e.g. If I were you. If I was you.语法与词汇 语法体现在词汇中，而词汇受语法的制约。 语法为词汇服务，在词汇与意义之间起中介作用。 学语法可以帮助更快地积累词汇和掌握词汇，提高语言学习的自觉性。词类词类 英语中的词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征，

6、分为英语中的词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征，分为十大类：名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词、十大类：名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词、冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。 在这十种词类中，前六种可以在句中独立担任成分，在这十种词类中，前六种可以在句中独立担任成分，称为称为实意词实意词；介词、连词、冠词都不能独立在句中；介词、连词、冠词都不能独立在句中担任任何成分，成为担任任何成分，成为虚词虚词；感叹词一般不构成句子；感叹词一般不构成句子的成分，可以看作特殊的一类。除了这十大类外，的成分，可以看作特殊的一类。除了这十大类外，还有表示肯定与否定的还有表示肯定与否定的yes和和

7、no，还有不定式前的，还有不定式前的小品词小品词to。分清词类至关重要 要学好英语，第一件事就是分清词类。只有知道一个词属于哪个词类，才能正确使用它；同时还应弄清各个句子成分应由哪类词来担任，如主语、宾语多由名词担任；谓语一般由动词担任；定语常由形容词担任；状语多由副词担任。 分清词类至关重要 The success of the play has been a great encouragement to him.（作主语） She wished him success.（作宾语） The experiment has succeeded.（作谓语） He is a successful w

8、riter.（作定语） He worked successfully.（作状语）分清词类至关重要 Do you know how to make a cigarette lighter? -Amy: Auntie kissed me.-Mother: How nice! Did you kiss her back, dear?-Amy:Of course not. I kissed her face.Word Formation构词法构词法主要构词法主要构词法转化派生合成conversion由一类词转换为另一类词，一般词义不变，只改变词性。又称功能转换（functional shift）con

9、version动词转化为名词 大量动词可转化为名词，有时意思没大量动词可转化为名词，有时意思没有太大的变化有太大的变化 Lets take a break. She gave a long sigh. 有些动词转化为名词时意思有些变化。有些动词转化为名词时意思有些变化。 They have the same build.名词转化为动词（1） 许多表示物件的名词可以转化为动词，许多表示物件的名词可以转化为动词，意思也随着有些改变意思也随着有些改变 She had booked three seats on the plane. 表示身体某部分的名词也可用作动词表示身体某部分的名词也可用作动词 H

10、is name headed the list.名词转化为动词(2) 表示一类人的名词也可用作动词表示一类人的名词也可用作动词Stop fooling about and do something useful. 一些其他实物名词也可用作动词一些其他实物名词也可用作动词He is rooming with my friend Smith. 甚至某些抽象名词也可用作动词甚至某些抽象名词也可用作动词We plan to winter in Hainan.形容词等转化为动词 有些形容词可以转化为动词有些形容词可以转化为动词Please warm up the cold meat. 还有少数其他词类也

11、可用作动词还有少数其他词类也可用作动词My friend will further his study in Oxford University.一些其他转化的情况 有些形容词可以转化为名词有些形容词可以转化为名词He failed in his finals. 有些形容词可以转化为副词有些形容词可以转化为副词She had gone dead tired. 还有一些其他转化情况还有一些其他转化情况She is a very forward young lady. 大多数词转化时语音没有变化，但有些词转化大多数词转化时语音没有变化，但有些词转化时重音有变化，例如时重音有变化，例如export,

12、 protest, transport 另外有些词转换词类时，词尾读音有变化，有另外有些词转换词类时，词尾读音有变化，有时拼法也有变化，例如时拼法也有变化，例如belief believe, advice advise 有少数词在转变成另一词类时，元音也发生变有少数词在转变成另一词类时，元音也发生变化，有的音不变但拼法变了，例如化，有的音不变但拼法变了，例如food feed, speech speak通过给词干添加词缀构成新词 词干前缀词干前缀/ /后缀后缀（bases + prefixes/ suffixes） 前缀一般会改变词义，但不改变词性。前缀一般会改变词义，但不改变词性。 有些前缀

13、可用来构成反义词，如有些前缀可用来构成反义词，如de-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mal-, non-, un-等等 dis-: dislike, disagree 一些表示特定意思的前缀，如一些表示特定意思的前缀，如all-, anti-, auto-, bi-, counter-等等all-: all-wool; auto-: automatic; bi-: bilingual; anti-: anti-war 可用来改变词类的前缀，如可用来改变词类的前缀，如a-, be-, en-等等a+n. n.=a./ad.a./ad.: asleep, aboard e

14、n+n. n.=v v.: encourage, endanger be+n n./a a.=v v.: befriend, belittle一些较为常见的前缀构成名词的后缀： -cy, -dom, -ee, -er, -eer, -ese, -hood, -ion, -ism, -ist, -ness, -ship等；等；如：如：democracy, kingdom, engineer构成形容词的后缀： -able, -ary, -ent, -ful, -ian, -ible, -ic, -ical, -ing, -ish, -ive, -some, -y等等如：如：comfortable,

15、 different, troublesome一些构成其他词类的后缀： 副词后缀副词后缀-ly,-wise,-wards等等如：如：likewise, backwards, finally 动词后缀动词后缀-ate, -en, -ify, -ize等等如：如：motivate, sharpen, modernize 数词后缀数词后缀-teen, -ty, -th等等如：如：eighteen, sixty, ninth compounding两个或多个词干合并构成新词 固定形式(solid)如： greenhouse 连体形式(hyphenated)如： cut-throat 分离形式(open

16、)如： fine art(s)复合词(compound)和自由词组(free phrase)的区别复合词自由词组读音上重音在第一个音节两个重音语法上形容词无比较级没有这个限制词义上意义不等于合并的词义意义往往等于合并的词义 a red ,tape: official formalities a ,red tape: a tape that is red a black ,sheep: a disgrace to the family a ,black sheep: a sheep that is black a white ,elephant: something expensive, , b

17、ut useless a ,white elephant: an elephant that is white 大多数由名词名词构成：air conditioner, alarm clock, blood donor, sign language等等 也有不少合成名词由形容词名词组成：open air, civil rights, dry cleaning, old hand等等 有些合成词由动词的-ing形式和另一词构成：dining room, drawing pin, family planning, food poisoning等；等； 还有些合成名词以其他方式或三个词构成：by-pr

18、oduct, go-between, looker-on, merry-go-round, back-seat driver等。等。 很多由过去分词或带-ed词尾的词构成：absent-minded, broken-hearted, clear-cut, duty-bound等 也有不少合成形容词由动词的-ing形式和另一词构成：close-fitting, easy-going, epoch-making, mouth-watering, smooth-talking等 还有一些合成形容词由还有一些合成形容词由“形容词名词形容词名词”或或“名词等形容词名词等形容词”构成：构成：front-p

19、age, long-distance, brand-new, duty-free, ice-cold等；等； 还有一些其他形式的合成形容词，特别是一还有一些其他形式的合成形容词，特别是一些包含副词的合成词：些包含副词的合成词：broken-down, built-in, off-hour, off-campus, all-round等。等。 名词动词（如名词动词（如baby-sit, ghost-write） 副词动词（如副词动词（如overcharge, overthrow） 形容词或副词动词（如形容词或副词动词（如black-list, cross-examine） 其他形式的合成动词（如

20、其他形式的合成动词（如blow-dry, deep-fry）等）等 合成副词为数不多，大多用作合成副词为数不多，大多用作状语状语 如如single-handed, helter-skelter（慌慌张张地）等。（慌慌张张地）等。 截短法 混合法 缩写法 反转构词法 可以截去前面一部分，如可以截去前面一部分，如plane, cycle, copter等；等； 也可以截去后面一部分，如也可以截去后面一部分，如ad, expo, memo等；等； 个别词前后各截去一部分，如个别词前后各截去一部分，如fridge, flu等；等；有时几个词合成一个词，如有时几个词合成一个词，如pop-singer等。

21、等。 混合是从两个词中各取一部分，混合是从两个词中各取一部分，混在一起构成一个新词。如混在一起构成一个新词。如motel, brunch等。等。 多数按字母读音，如TV, WTO, PhD等； 有少数像单词一样拼读，如OPEC, UNESCO等 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organization 联合国教育科学文化组织（也叫国际文教组织） CEO TB CCTV WHO E-b MBA IT PK chief

22、executive officer 总裁 Tuberculosis 肺结核 Closed Circuit Television 闭路电视 World Health Organization 世界卫生组织 E-business电子商务 Master of Business Administration 工商管理硕士 Information Technology penalty kick罚点球 通常是先有词根，再加后缀。有少数词，先有名词，再去掉词尾构成动词，这和通常构词法的步骤相反，称为反转构词法。如如edit, televise, typewrite, housekeep等。等。.单项填空单项

23、填空1.That man was_enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A. care B. careful C. carelessD. carelessness2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai.A. die B. dead C. died D. death3.The child looked _ at his brother who was badly wounded. A. sadly B. sa

24、dness C. sadliness D. sad4.He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _.A. chemistry B. chemicalC. chemist D. physician5.The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child. He may fall off.A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged6.Stephenson became the_ railway engineer in the world.A. leadB. leade

25、rC. leadingD. leadership7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem, Jack looked _ about at his classmates.A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely8.To everyones _, the girl finished the job quite well.A.satisfied B.satisfactoryC.satisfying D.satisfaction9.What are you doing here?Oh，

26、my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English.You can write_ passage in English?A.600 words；a 600-wordsB.600-word；a 600-wordsC.600 words；a 600-wordD.600 word；a 600-word10.No one should enter the spot without the _ of the police.A.permit B.permissionC.permitting D.permittenceThe Milu deer

27、are living in the wild in a natural park.2. This blouse is fit for him at all. Its too long and the color has run. 3. The possibly that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.naturalnaturefitunfitpossiblypossibility4. We must strength government of the people，by the peo

28、ple and for the people.5. The sperm whale can dive to a deep of more than 1000 meters in the sea.6. He is a very famous actress. He has played many important parts in different films.strengthstrengthendeepdepthactressactor7. Personal，Id rather stay at home watching TV.8. Because of her ill，she cant go out for the sight-seeing.9. Thank you for your describe of the conditions here.10. Its really dust in this room. Its a long time since someone last lived in it.PersonalPersonallyil