0绪论微生物概述 课件

1、环境工程微生物基础Environmental Microbiology 参考书： 环境工程微生物学，周群英、高廷耀编，高等教育出版社，第三版。污染控制微生物学原理与应用，任南琪等编，化学工业出版社，2004年。污染控制微生物学，任南琪等编，哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2002年。Lecture (40 hours)Laboratory practice (4*2 hours)Total :48 hoursArrangement（本部）Lecture (32 hours)Laboratory practice (4*4 hours)Total :48 hoursArrangement（康尼）CHAPT

2、ER 1 INTRODUCTION 绪论CHAPTER 2 VIRUS 病毒CHAPTER 3 ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA 古菌和细菌CHAPTER 4 EUKARYA真核微生物CHAPTER 5 MICROBIAL METABOLISM 微生物代谢CHAPTER 6 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE 微生物在物质循环中的作用CHAPTER 7 MICROORGANISMS IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT 水污染控制中的微生物原理ContentsContents补充1：Growth And Reproduction And Existence Facto

3、rs 微生物的生长繁殖和生存因子补充2： Microecology 微生物生态补充3： Microbiology Principles in Wastewater Further Treatment 污水深度处理和微污染源水预处理中的微生物学原理补充4： Micro-treatment of Organic Solid Wastes and Waste Gas and Micro-community 有机固体废弃物与废气的微生物处理及其微生物群落实验1 ： Simple Stain And Gram Stain Of Bacteria 细菌的简单染色和革兰氏染色实验2： Culture Med

4、ia Preparation And Sterilization 培养基的制配与灭菌实践环节（康尼）实验一 光学显微镜的操作及细菌、放线菌、硅藻等微生物个体观察 -4学时实验二 培养基的制备与灭菌 - 4学时实验三 细菌的培养和接种技术 - 4学时实验四 细菌的简单染色和革兰氏染色 -4学时主要任务环境工程微生物学是环境工程专业的一门专业基础课。本课程的任务：通过各种教学环节的学习，掌握环境工程中的污（废）水、废气及有机固体废物的生物处理和水体、土壤及大气污染与自净过程中涉及到的微生物学基本概念、基本原理、基本方法和水处理基本工程技能，为其它专业课的学习、为以后从事专业工作和科学研究打下良好的

5、基础。基本要求1、正确理解环境工程微生物学中的一些基本概念；2、掌握细菌、蓝细菌、酵母菌、原生动物、微型后生动物及藻类等的形态、大小、细胞结构及功能；3、掌握微生物营养与呼吸、生长与繁殖基本原理；4、掌握污（废）水、固体废弃物、废气的生物法处理原理和基本方法；5、了解饮用水卫生细菌学基础知识及其检测方法；本课程重点在于理解概念、原理和方法。 The environment Microbes are responsible for the cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphors (geochemical cycles), all essential c

6、omponents of living organisms . They are found in association with plants in symbiotic relationships, maintain soil fertility and may also be used to clean up the environment of toxic compounds. Some microbes are devastating plant pathogens, which destroy important food crops, but others may act as

7、biological control agents against these diseases第一节 环境与环境工程面临的问题、可持续发展与微生物1、 环境工程面临的问题废水废气固废绪论2、 微生物对人类生存环境的影响是宝贵的自然资源；是生物多样性的重要成员；是环境中有机物的主要分解者；是参与环境污染物综合利用，变废为宝的积极分子；某些微生物及微生物代谢产物可污染环境，危害人体健康；在特定的环境中可产生大量的CO2等温室气体，有可能有助于大气温室效应。3、 微生物在环境工程中应用的优点 容易发生变异 能在极端环境中生存 经济、高效微生物在环境保护和污染治理，保持生态平衡方面起着重要作用，开发

8、极端环境中微生物处理废水等污染物的技术有着广阔的前景。第二节 环境工程微生物学研究对象与任务研究对象1 、微生物的形态、细胞结构及功能，微生物的营养、呼吸、物质代谢、生长繁殖、遗传与变异等基础知识。2 、栖息在水体、土壤等环境中的微生物及其生态3 、自然环境物质循环与转化4 、污染水体、污染土壤等修复工程的净化原理研究任务1 、充分利用有益微生物资源为人类造福。2 、微生物对化学污染物及其他有利影响。（为生物处理法得到更高的效果）污水处理常见微生物照片1、变形虫（阿米巴）amoeba.2、太阳虫目 （Heliozoan）3、草履虫4、栉毛虫5、轮虫6、寡毛虫7、线虫8、桡足虫9、钟形虫10、漫

9、游虫Lionotus11.菌胶团 Why should we study microbiology?Nature resources DecomposerClean up the pollutantSome may harm to human Two major reasonsMicrobes are important to the environment Benefits in applied environmental engineering Variation easily Some may exist in extreme condition Economical, highly e

10、ffective Chapter 1 Introduction to Environmental Microbiology 绪论环境工程微生物基础Environmental Microbiology 1.1 Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes, which a

11、re bacteria and archaea. Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied. In short; microbiology refers to the study of life and organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.1.1.1 History 1) AncientIn 600 BCE, the ancient Indian surgeon Susruta held microbes

12、responsible for several diseases and explained in Sushruta Samhita that they can be transmitted through contact, air or water. Theories on microorganisms was made by Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro in a book titled On Agriculture in which he warns against locating a homestead in the vicinity of

13、 swamps:“ .and because there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases.” This passage seems to indicate that the ancients were aware of the possibility that diseases could

14、be spread by yet unseen organisms.2）ModernBacteria, and other microorganisms, were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. In doing so Leeuwenhoek made one of the most important discoveries in biology and initiated the scientific fields of

15、bacteriology and microbiology. 3）TypesMicrobial physiology Microbial genetics Cellular microbiologyMedical microbiology Veterinary microbiology Environmental microbiology Evolutionary microbiology Industrial microbiology Aeromicrobiology Food microbiology Pharmaceutical microbiology Oral microbiolog

16、y 4) Benefits Whilst there are undoubtedly some who fear all microbes due to the association of some microbes with many human illnesses, many microbes are also responsible for many beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation (e.g. the production of alcohol and dairy products), antibiotic pr

17、oduction and as vehicles for cloning in higher organisms such as plants. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge of microbes to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other genetic systems and novel molecular biology techniques such as t

18、he yeast two-hybrid system.Bacteria can be used for the industrial production of amino acids. Corynebacterium glutamicum is one of the most important bacterial species with an annual production of more than two million tons of amino acids, mainly L-glutamate and L-lysine. Microorganisms are benefici

19、al for microbial biodegradation or bioremediation of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes and subsurface pollution in soils, sediments and marine environments. The ability of each microorganism to degrade toxic waste depends on the nature of each contaminant. Since sites typically have multi

20、ple pollutant types, the most effective approach to microbial biodegradation is to use a mixture of bacterial species and strains, each specific to the biodegradation of one or more types of contaminants. 1.2 Environmental Microbiology Environmental microbiology is the study of the composition and p

21、hysiology of microbial communities in the environment. The environment in this case means the soil, water, air and sediments covering the planet and can also include the animals and plants that inhabit these areas. Environmental microbiology also includes the study of microorganisms that exist in ar

22、tificial environments such as bioreactors.Microbial life is amazingly diverse and microorganisms literally cover the planet. It is estimated that we know fewer than 1% of the microbial species on Earth. Microorganisms can survive in some of the most extreme environments on the planet and some, for e

23、xample the Archaea, can survive high temperatures, often above 100C, as found in geysers, black smokers, and oil wells. Some are found in very cold habitats and others in highly saline, acidic, or alkaline water. An average gram of soil contains approximately one billion (1,000,000,000) microbes rep

24、resenting probably several thousand species. Microorganisms have special impact on the whole biosphere. They are the backbone of ecosystems of the zones where light cannot approach. In such zones, chemosynthetic bacteria are present which provide energy and carbon to the other organisms there. Some

25、microbes are decomposers which have ability to recycle the nutrients. Microbes have a special role in biogeochemical cycles.Microbes, especially bacteria, are of great importance because their symbiotic relationship (either positive or negative) have special effects on the ecosystem.It is vital to m

26、onitor the composition of the indigenous and added bacteria in order to evaluate the activity level and to permit modifications of the nutrients and other conditions for optimizing the bioremediation process.1.3 Microorganisms. What is a microbe?1 Microbe/Microorganism : Microbe is used to describe

27、an organism that is so small that , normally , it cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope. 2 the category : Viruses（病毒）, Bacteria（细菌）, Archaea（古细菌） ，fungi（真菌）and protists（原生生物）；microscopic plants；animals Most microorganisms are unicellular (single-celled), but this is not universal, since som

28、e multicellular organisms are microscopic, while some unicellular protists and bacteria, like Thiomargarita namibiensis, are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye. 小m级：光镜可见nm级：电镜可见形体微小简单细胞简单多细胞非细胞结构结构简单The white bar above represents 10 microns (0.01mm).Below are some organisms and cells drawn to

29、approximate scale. virus(0.05 to 0.1 microns)bacteria (0.5 to 1.5 microns) red blood cell (5 microns) lymphocyte (5 to 8 microns) Most of the bacteria, protozoa, and fungi are single-celled microorganisms, and even the multicelled microbes do not have a great range of cell types. Viruses are not eve

30、n cells, just genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and incapable of independent existence.The size and cell type of microbes microbeApproximate range of sizesCell typeViruses0.01-0.25mAcellularBacteria0.1-10mProkaryoteFungi2m-1mEukaryoteProtozoa2-1000mEukaryoteAlgae1m-several metersEukaryot

31、e1.3.1 Classification and structure 1. Biological Classification The biological classification system that we still use for plants and animals, is relatively minor modified , for fungi and microorganisms. It is a system that starts with a few categories at the highest level, and further sub-divides

32、them at each lower level. The levels were given names that are already familiar to you Domain （域） Kingdom （界） Phylum（门） Class （纲） Order （目） Family （科） Genus （属） Species（种）魏泰克 生物五界分类系统： 原核生物界(细菌、放线菌、蓝细菌)真核原生生物界(蓝藻以外的藻类及原生动物)真菌界(酵母菌、霉菌)动物界植物界王大耜 生物六界分类系统非细胞结构生物 病毒界原核细胞生物原核生物界蓝藻门（蓝细菌）细菌门真菌界动物界植物界酵母菌真核原

33、生生物界原生动物真核藻类霉菌微型后生动物高低等动物低等植物高等植物细胞结构生物微生物的类群: 原核微生物，（细菌） 细胞型微生物 真核微生物，（酵母菌） 非细胞型微生物，（病毒）2. Introduction 1）Prokaryotes 原核生物Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a cell nucleus and the other organelles found in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are almost always unicellular, although some species such as myxobac

34、teria can aggregate into complex structures as part of their life cycle. These organisms are divided into two groups, the archaea and the bacteria.2）Bacteria细菌Bacteria are the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth. Bacteria inhabit practically all environments where some liquid water

35、 is available and the temperature is below +140 C. They are found in sea water, soil, air, animals gastrointestinal tracts, hot springs and even deep beneath the Earths crust in rocks. Practically all surfaces which have not been specially sterilized are covered in bacteria. The number of bacteria i

36、n the world is estimated to be around five million trillion trillion, or 5 1030. Bacteria are practically all invisible to the naked eye, with a few extremely rare exceptions.They are unicellular organisms and lack membrane-bound organelles. Their genome is usually a single loop of DNA, although the

37、y can also harbor small pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids can be transferred between cells through bacterial conjugation. Bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall, which provides strength and rigidity to their cells. They reproduce by binary fission or sometimes by budding, but do not unde

38、rgo sexual reproduction. Some species form extraordinarily resilient spores, but for bacteria this is a mechanism for survival, not reproduction. Under optimal conditions bacteria can grow extremely rapidly and can double as quickly as every 10 minutes.3）Archaea古菌Archaea are also single-celled organ

39、isms that lack nuclei. In the past, the differences between bacteria and archaea were not recognised and archaea were classified with bacteria as part of the kingdom Monera. However, in 1990 the microbiologist Carl Woese proposed the three-domain system that divided living things into bacteria, arch

40、aea and eukaryotes. Archaea differ from bacteria in both their genetics and biochemistry. For example, while bacterial cell membranes are made from phosphoglycerides with ester bonds, archaean membranes are made of ether lipids.Archaea were originally described in extreme environments, such as hot s

41、prings, but have since been found in all types of habitats. Only now are scientists beginning to appreciate how common archaea are in the environment, with crenarchaeota being the most common form of life in the ocean, dominating ecosystems below 150 m in depth. These organisms are also common in so

42、il and play a vital role in ammonia oxidation.Archaea Sulfolobus infected with specific virus . 4）Eukaryotes真核生物All living things which are individually visible to the naked eye are eukaryotes (with few exceptions, such as Thiomargarita namibiensis), including humans. eukaryotes contain organelles：c

43、ell nucleus,Golgi apparatus mitochondria The nucleus is an organelle which houses the DNA that makes up a cells genome. DNA itself is arranged in complex chromosomes. Mitochondria are organelles vital in metabolism as they are the site of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Like bac

44、teria, plant cells have cell walls, and contain organelles such as chloroplasts in addition to the organelles in other eukaryotes. Chloroplasts produce energy from light by photosynthesis.Unicellular eukaryotes are those eukaryotic organisms that consist of a single cell throughout their life cycle.

45、 This qualification is significant since most multicellular eukaryotes consist of a single cell called a zygote at the beginning of their life cycles. This qualification is significant since most multicellular eukaryotes consist of a single cell called a zygote at the beginning of their life cycles.

46、 Microbial eukaryotes can be either haploid or diploid, and some organisms have multiple cell nuclei. However, not all microorganisms are unicellular as some microscopic eukaryotes are made from multiple cells. 5）Protists 原生生物Of eukaryotic groups, the protists are most commonly unicellular and micro

47、scopic. This is a highly diverse group of organisms that are not easy to classify. Several algae species are multicellular protists, and slime molds have unique life cycles that involve switching between unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms. The number of species of protozoa is uncertain,

48、since we may have identified only a small proportion of the diversity in this group of organisms. 6）AnimalsAll animals are multicellular, but some are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopic arthropods include dust mites and spider mites. Microscopic crustaceans include copepods and the c

49、ladocera, while many nematodes are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Another particularly common group of microscopic animals are the rotifers, which are filter feeders that are usually found in fresh water. Micro-animals reproduce both sexually and asexually and may reach new habitats as egg

50、s that survive harsh environments that would kill the adult animal. However, some simple animals, such as rotifers and nematodes, can dry out completely and remain dormant for long periods of time. 7）FungiThe fungi have several unicellular species, such as bakers yeast . Some fungi, such as the path

51、ogenic yeast Candida albicans, can undergo phenotypic switching and grow as single cells in some environments, and filamentous hyphae in others.Fungi reproduce both asexually, by budding or binary fission, as well by producing spores, which are called conidia when produced asexually, or basidiospore

52、s when produced sexually.8) PlantsThe green algae are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that include many microscopic organisms. Although some green algae are classified as protists, others such as charophyta are classified with embryophyte plants, which are the most familiar group of land

53、plants. Algae can grow as single cells, or in long chains of cells. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms. In the Charales, which are the algae most closely related to higher plants,