了解环境污染途径及对人类的危害

1、了解环境污染途径及对人类的危害Understanding of environmental pollution and harm to human防治大气污染，控制污染排放是改善空气质量的根本措施，其主要途径有：工业合理布局， 搞好环境规划改变能源结构、推广清洁燃料、使用清洁生产工艺，减少污染物排放强化节能， 提高能源利用率、区域集中供暖供热强化环境监督管理和老污染源的治理，实施总量控制和 达标排放严格控制机动车尾气排放等。The prevention and control of atmospheric pollution, control of pollution emissions is

2、 the fundamental measures to improve air quality, the main approaches are: rational distribution of industry, environmental planning and change the energy structure, promote clean fuel, the use of cleaner production processes, reduce pollutant emission strengthening energy conservation, improve ener

3、gy utilization rate of the regional central heating heating treatment, strengthen supervision and management of the environment and the old pollution sources the implementation of total amount control and emission standards, strict control of motor vehicle exhaust emissions.水体污染与防治1 water pollution

4、prevention and control1.1水体污染water pollution水体污染是指由于人为因素或自然因素，将有害物质直接或间接排入水体后，使水体的水质和 底泥的物理、化学性质或水生生物的组成发生变化，从而降低了水体的使用价值和使用功能 的现象。Water pollution is that due to human factors and natural factors, the harmful substances directly or indirectly discharged into the water, the water quality and sediment

5、 of the physical, chemical properties or aquatic organisms change, thereby reducing the water use value and function of the phenomenon.1.2水体污染的危害Harm 1.2 water pollution1.2.1危害人体健康harm to human health被污染的水体中含有农药、多氯联苯、多环芳烃、酚、汞、铬、铅、镉、砷、氰、放射性元 素、致病细菌等有害物质,它们具有很强的毒性，有的是致癌物质。这些物质可以通过饮用水 和食物链等途径进入人体，并在人体内

6、积累，造成危害。The polluted water containing pesticides, PCBs, PAHs, phenol, mercury, chromium, lead, cadmium, arsenic, cyanide, radioactive elements, pathogenic bacteria and other harmful substances, they are highly toxic, some are carcinogenic substances. These substances can enter the body through drink

7、ing water and food chain, and accumulate in the body, causing harm. 1.2.2造成水体富营养化causing eutrophication当含有大量氮、磷等植物营养物质的生活污水、农田排水连续排入湖泊、水库、河水等处的 缓流水体时，造成水中营养物质过剩,便发生富营养化现象，导致藻类大量繁殖，水的透明度降 低,失去观赏价值。同时，由于藻类繁殖迅速，生长周期短，不断死亡,并被好氧微生物分解，消耗 水中的溶解氧;也可被厌氧微生物分解，产生硫化氢等有害物质。从以上两方面造成水质恶化， 鱼类和其他水生生物大量死亡。When large

8、amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus containing plant nutrients in sewage, drainage discharged into lakes, rivers, reservoirs for the place such as slow -flow water bodies, causing excess nutrients in the water, then eutrophication phenomenon, cause algal blooms, water transparency decreased, lost orname

9、ntal value. At the same time, because the algae multiply rapidly, short growth cycle, dying, and decomposed by aerobic microorganisms, dissolved oxygen consumption of water; can also be anaerobic microbial decomposition, hydrogen sulfide and other harmful substances. From the above two aspects of de

10、terioration of water quality, fish and other aquatic creatures of death.1.2.3破坏水环境生态平衡destroy the ecological balance of water environment良好的水体内,各类水生生物之间及水生生物与其生存环境之间保持着既相互依存又相互制 约的密切关系，处于良好的生态平衡状态。当水体受到污染而使水环境条件改变时,由于不同 的水生生物对环境的要求和适应能力不同，产生不同的反应,将导致种群发生变化,破坏水环 境的生态平衡。Good water, maintaining a close

11、 relationship both interdependence and mutual restriction between the various aquatic organisms and organisms and their environment, in the ecological balance in good condition. When the water pollution and water environmental conditions change, due to the requirements of different aquatic environme

12、nt and the ability to adapt to different, resulting in different reaction, will lead the population change, destroy the ecological balance of water environment.1.3水体污染防治途径water pollution prevention approach1.3.1推行清洁生产implementation of cleaner production通过调整工业结构和改善工业布局等调控措施,提高资源利用率和生产效率，减少污染源的排 放，不仅提

13、高经济效益，而且更有效达到环境治理的目标。Through the adjustment of industrial structure and improve the industrial layout adjustment measures, improve resource utilization rate and the production efficiency, reduce pollution emissions, not only to improve the economic benefit, but also achieve effective environmental g

14、overnance goal.1.3.2回收有用物质recovery of useful material1.3.3发展节水型工业to develop water-saving industry大气污染与防治2 atmospheric pollution prevention and control2.1大气污染air pollution人类生产、生活活动或自然界向大气排出各种污染物，其含量超过环境承载能力，使大气质量 发生恶化,使人们的工作、生活、健康、设备财产以及生态环境等遭受恶劣影响和破坏，这类 现象称为大气污染水处理设备。The human production, life or na

15、ture vented to atmosphere pollutants, its content exceeded the carrying capacity of the environment, so that the air quality deterioration, make peoples work, life, health, property, and the ecological environment suffer from bad influence and damage, this kind of phenomenon is called the atmospheri

16、c pollution.污染源可分为天然污染源和人为污染源。天然污染源是指自然界向大气排放污染物的地点或 地区，如排放灰尘、二氧化硫、硫化氢等污染物的活火山、自然逸出的瓦斯气,以及发生森林 火灾、地震等自然灾害的地方。人为污染源则又可按不同的方法分类:按污染源空间分布方 式可分为点污染源、面污染源、区域性污染源;按人们的社会活动功能可分为生活污染源、 工业污染源、交通污染源等;按污染源存在的形式可分为固定污染源和移动污染源。Pollution can be divided into natural sources and anthropogenic pollution sources. Nat

17、ural source of pollution is refers to the nature to discharge atmospheric pollutants in place or area, such as dust, sulfur dioxide gas emissions, hydrogen sulfide and other pollutants volcano, natural escape, natural disasters and forest fires, earthquakes and other places. Man-made pollution sourc

18、e which can be classified according to different methods: according to the pollution source spatial distribution can be divided into point pollution source, non-point source pollution, regional pollution source; according to peoples social activities can be divided into the life source of pollution,

19、 industrial pollution, traffic pollution source, pollution source; according to existing forms can be divided for stationary pollution sources and mobile sources of pollution.2.2大气污染的危害Harm 2.2 of atmospheric pollution2.2.1大气污染对人体健康的危害The harm of 2.2.1 air pollution on human health.大气污染极易影响人体健康，它对人体

20、健康的危害往往是多方面和综合性的，其中又以二氧化 硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳、重金属烟尘、氟化物、碳氢化合物等化学污染物对呼吸道的危害 最为常见。这是因为，呼吸道粘膜对污染物特别敏感并具有很大的吸收能力。此外，大气污染 对眼、皮肤等也常有刺激和危害，并可诱发心血管、神经系统的疾病。Air pollution is extremely easy to affect human health, its harm to human health are often multifaceted and comprehensive, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dio

21、xide, carbon monoxide and dust, heavy metals, fluoride, hydrocarbons and other chemical pollutants harmful to the respiratory tract is the most common. This is because, the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract of especially sensitive to contaminants and absorption with great. In addition, air po

22、llution, such as eye skin often stimulation and harm, and can induce cardiovascular, nervous system diseases.2.2.2大气污染对植物的危害The harm of 2.2.2 atmospheric pollution on plants大气污染对植物的危害，随污染物的性质、浓度、排放量和接触时间、植物的品种以及生长 期、气象条件的不同而异。气体污染物通常都是经叶背的气孔进入植物体，然后逐渐扩散到 海绵组织、栅状组织，破坏叶绿素，使组织脱水坏死;干扰酶的作用，阻碍各种代谢机能，抑制植 物

23、的生长。颗粒状污染物则能擦伤叶面、阻碍阳光，影响光合作用,妨碍植物的正常生长。颗 粒物上的重金属等有害元素还可进入植物细胞内，产生进一步的危害，使植物枯萎甚至死亡复 合土工膜。Harm of air pollution on plants, varied the nature of the pollutant, concentration, emission and contact time, plant variety and growth period, meteorological conditions. Gaseous pollutants are usually enters the

24、 plant body through the stomata of leaf surface, and then gradually spread to the spongy mesophyll, palisade tissue, destruction of chlorophyll, the dehydration of tissue necrosis; interference by the action of the enzyme, obstacles to the various kinds of metabolic function, inhibit the growth of p

25、lants. Granular pollutants can scratch foliage, blocking the sun light, photosynthesis affected normal growth, prevent plant. Harmful elements on particulate heavy metals can enter the plant cell, cause further harm, cause plants to wilt and death.2.2.3其它危害other hazards大气污染还可通过干沉降、湿沉降(如酸雨)形成全球性灾难;使全

26、球气候逐渐变暖,危害生态 环境;危害臭氧层，使人群和动植物对紫外线的保护屏障受到破坏等等。Air pollution can also through dry deposition, wet deposition ( such as acid rain ) formed a global disaster; the gradual warming of global climate, endanger the ecological environment; damage to the ozone layer, a protective barrier that people and anima

27、ls and plants of UV damage etc.2.3大气污染的防治途径ways of prevention and control of atmospheric pollution调整能源战略，采用清洁能源。我国一次性能源消费以矿物燃料中的煤炭为主。不仅排放二 氧化碳等温室气体使全球气候变暖，还形成酸雨，给全球生态环境带来极大威胁。因而,调整能 源战略，逐步改变能源结构是防治大气污染的一个重要途径。Adjust the energy strategy, the use of clean energy. Disposable energy consumption in China

28、 using fossil fuels in the coal. Not only the emissions of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to global warming, but also the formation of acid rain, bring great threat to the global ecological environment. Therefore, the adjustment of energy strategy, and gradually change the energy structure is an impo

29、rtant way for the prevention and control of atmospheric pollution.大力开发利用水能；(1 ) the development and utilization of water;有步骤地发展核能；( 2 ) the development of nuclear energy;积极开发利用生物能源；(3 ) the positive development and utilization of biomass energy;利用其他清洁能源。(4 ) the use of other clean energy.其他环境要素和物质的污

30、染与防治Pollution prevention and control 3 other environmental elements and substances3.1 土壤污染与防治of soil pollution prevention and control土壤污染物质soil pollution一般是指进入土壤中并影响土壤特性的物质，分为有机物类;重金属污染物;放射性物质;致病 的微生物。Generally refers to the soil and effect of soil characteristics of the material, divided into organ

31、ic matter; heavy metal pollution; radioactive materials; pathogenic microorganisms.土壤污染的防治The prevention and treatment of 3.1.2 contaminated soil在制定防治土壤污染的措施时，必须考虑因地制宜、切实可行的方法，控制和消除工业”三废” 的排放;加强对土壤污染区的监测和管理;合理施用化肥和农药。In the formulation of soil pollution prevention measures, must suit ones measures t

32、o local conditions, practical considerations, control and elimination of industrial three wastes emissions; to strengthen the monitoring and management of soil pollution area; rational use of chemical fertilizer and pesticide.3.2固体废物的污染与防治solid waste pollution prevention and control3.2.1固体废物的污染solid

33、 waste pollution固体废物通常是指人类在生产和生活活动中丢弃的固体和泥状物质,包括从废水、废气中分 离出来的固体颗粒。Solid waste is usually discarded in the human production and living activities in the solid and gunk, including solid particles are separated from the wastewater, waste gas.3.2.2固体废物的危害The harm of 3.2.2 solid waste侵占土地;污染土壤和地下水;污染水体;对

34、大气的污染;对人体健康的危害。The expropriation of land; soil and groundwater pollution; water pollution; air pollution; harm to human health.3.2.3固体废物的防治prevention and treatment of solid waste资源的回收。利用对固体废物的再循环利用，回收能源和资源。对工业固体废物的回收，必须 根据具体的行业生产特点而定，还应注意技术可行、产品具有竞争力及能获得经济效益等因 素。Recycling. The recycling of solid was

35、te utilization, recycling energy and resources. Recycling of industrial solid waste, must depend on the production characteristics of the specific industry, should also pay attention to feasible in technology, products with competitive factors and can obtain economic benefits.无害化处置。固体废物的无害化处置是指经过适当的

36、处理或处置，使固体废物或其中的有害 成分无法危害环境,或转化为对环境无害的物质。常用的方法有:土地填埋;焚烧法;堆肥法。Harmless disposal. Harmless disposal of solid waste is treated or disposed properly, the harmful components of solid waste or which cannot harm the environment, or transformed into environmentally friendly material. Methods commonly used ar

37、e: landfill; incineration; composting.3.3噪声污染与防治noise pollution and control3.3.1噪声的污染noise pollution从环境保护的角度来说，凡是干扰人们正常休息、学习和工作的声音统称为噪声。如机器的 轰鸣声，各种交通工具的马达声、鸣笛声,人的嘈杂声及各种突发的声响等,均称为噪声。From the perspective of environmental protection, which interfere with peoples normal rest, study and work in the sound

38、 are called noise. Such as the roar of the machine, all kinds of vehicle motor sound, the sound, the noise and burst noise and so on, are called noise.噪声污染属于感觉公害，它与人们的主观意愿有关，与人们的生活状态有关，因而它具有与其 他公害不同的特点。Noise pollution is feeling nuisance, subjective desire it with people about, with the peoples livi

39、ng conditions, so that it has different characteristics from other hazards.3.3.2噪声的防治Prevention and treatment of 3.3.2 noise构成噪声污染有声源、声音传播途径与接收者二要素，控制噪声污染可从这二方面着手:降低 声源噪声;在传播途径上控制噪声。Noise pollution is composed of sound source, sound transmission and recipients of the two elements, control of noise p

40、ollution can start from these two aspects: reducing the sources of noise; noise control in the transmission.3.4放射性及电磁、热污染radioactive and electromagnetic, thermal pollution3.4.1放射性污染的概念及来源The concept and origin of 3.4.1 radioactive contamination放射性污染指的是由于人类活动排放出的放射性污染物所造成的环境污染和对人体的危害。 从自然环境中释放出的天然放射，

41、可以视为环境的背景值。Radioactive pollution refers to the environmental pollution due to radioactive pollutants emissions from human activities caused and the damage to human body. Released from natural radiation, can be regarded as the environment background value.放射性污染的来源:核工业;核电站;核燃料后处理厂;核试验等。Radioactive pol

42、lution sources: the nuclear industry; nuclear power plants; nuclear fuel reprocessing plants; nuclear test.3.4.2电磁的污染及来源Pollution and sources of 3.4.2 electromagnetic电磁污染是指天然的和人为的各种电磁波干扰以及对人体有害的电磁辐射。在环境保护工作 中，主要是研究当电磁场的强度达到一定限度时，对人体机能产生的破坏作用。Electromagnetic pollution refers to natural and man-made e

43、lectromagnetic wave interference and harmful electromagnetic radiation. In environmental protection work, mainly on when the electromagnetic field intensity reaches a certain limit, the resulting damage effects on human body function.人为的电磁污染来源于:Pollution source of electromagnetic artificial in:脉冲放电；

44、The pulse discharge;工频交变电磁场；The power frequency electromagnetic field;射频电磁辐射。电磁辐射污染的危害随频率的增高而加大。中、短波频段电磁场对机体的 危害主要是引起神经衰弱症候群和植物神经失调，发生头痛头晕、周身不适、疲倦无力、失 眠多梦、记忆力减退、胸闷、心悸及女性月经周期紊乱等。The RF electromagnetic radiation. Hazards of electromagnetic radiation pollution with the increase of frequency and increas

45、e. Harm, the shortwave electromagnetic field on human body is mainly caused neurasthenic syndrome and autonomic dysfunction, headache dizziness, general malaise, fatigue, insomnia, memory loss, dizziness, palpitation and female menstrual cycle disorder, etc.3.4.3热污染3.4.3 thermal pollution人类的社会、经济活动,使局部环境或全球环境发生增温,并可能形成对人类和生态系统产生 直接或间接、即时和潜在的危害现象称为热污染或环境热污染。Human society, economic activities, so that the local environment or the global environment temperature increasing, and may form on human and ecological system directly