2022年供应链管理第三版习题与答案4

1、Chapter 10 Managing Economies of Scale in the Supply Chain: Cycle InventoryTrue/False 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Cycle inventory exists because producing or purchasing in large lots allows a stage of the supply chain to exploit economies of scale and increase cost. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate

2、 A lot or batch sizeis the quantity that a stage of the supply chain either produces or purchases at a given time. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate Cycle inventoryis the physical inventory in the supply chain due to either production or purchases demanded by the customer. Answer: True Difficulty: M

3、oderate The inventory profileis a plot depicting the level of inventory over time. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy When demand is steady, cycle inventory and lot size are related as follows: Cycle Inventory = Lot Size x 2 = Q*2. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate Lot sizes and cycle inventory do not a

4、ffect the flow time of material within the supply chain. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Average flow time resulting from cycle inventory = Cycle Inventory/Demand = Q/2D.Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate Cycle inventory is primarily held to take advantage of economies of scale and reduce profit withi

5、n the supply chain. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Increasing the lot size or cycle inventory often decreases the cost incurred by different stages of a supply chain. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Cycle inventory exists in a supply chain because different

6、stages exploit economies of scale to lower total cost. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy The costs considered in lot sizing decisions include material cost, fixed ordering cost, and manufacturing cost. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate The total annual cost is the sum of annual material cost, annual or

7、der cost, and annual holding cost, and is given as TC = CD + (D/Q)S + (Q/2) hC.Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate The optimal lot size is referred to as the economic order quantity (EOQ). It is denoted by Q * and is given by the equation: Q* = 2DS/hC . Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate Total ordering

8、 and holding costs are unstable around the economic order quantity. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate A firm is often better served by ordering a convenient lot size close to the economic order quantity rather than the precise EOQ. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate If demand increases by a factor o

9、f k, the optimal lot size decreases by a factor of k. Answer: False Difficulty: Hard To reduce the optimal lot size by a factor of k, the fixed order cost S must be reduced by a factor of k. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate Aggregating across products, retailers, or suppliers in a single order all

10、ows for a reduction in lot size for individual products because fixed ordering and transportation costs are now spread across multiple products, retailers, or suppliers. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate A key to reducing cycle inventory is the reduction of lot size. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy 20

11、. A key to reducing lot size without increasing costs is to reduce the holding cost .21. associated with each lot. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate Reduction of fixed cost may be achieved by aggregating lots across multiple 22. products, customers, or suppliers. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy A dis

12、count is volume-basedif the pricing schedule offers discounts based on the quantity ordered in a single lot. Answer: False Difficulty: Hard 23. A discount is volume-basedif the discount is based on the total quantity purchased over a given period, regardless of the number of lots purchased over that

13、 period. Answer: True 24. Difficulty: Easy Pricing schedules with all unit quantity discounts encourage retailers to increase 25. the size of their lots, which reduces the average inventory and flow time in a supply chain. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate Marginal unit quantity discounts have also

14、 been referred to as multi-block tariffs26. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate Quantity discounts lead to a minor buildup of cycle inventory in the supply chain. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate 27. For commodity products where price is set by the market, manufacturers can use lot size based quanti

15、ty discounts to achieve coordination in the supply chain and decrease supply chain cost. Answer: True 28. Difficulty: Moderate The supply chain profit is higher if each stage of the supply chain independently makes its pricing decisions with the objective of maximizing its own profit. Answer: False

16、29. Difficulty: Moderate For products where the firm has market power, two-part tariffs can be used to achieve coordination in the supply chain and maximize supply chain profits. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. Discounts related to price discrimination will be lot size based. A

17、nswer: False Difficulty: Hard Price discriminationis the practice where a firm charges differential prices to maximize profits. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy The goal of trade promotions is to influence retailers to act in a way that helps the retailer achieve its objectives. Answer: False Difficult

18、y: Easy Although a forward buy is often the retailers appropriate response and increases their own profits, it usually increases demand variability with a resulting increase in inventory and flow times within the supply chain. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate Trade promotions lead to a significant

19、increase in lot size and cycle inventory because of forward buying by the retailer. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate Multiple Choice 1. 2. Cycle inventory exists because producing or purchasing in large lots allows a stage of the supply chain to a. exploit economies of scale and raise cost. b. expl

20、oit economies of scale and lower cost. c. exploit customers and lower cost. d. exploit customers and raise cost. e. none of the above Answer: b Difficulty: Easy The quantity of inventory that a stage of the supply chain either produces or purchases at a given time is a. an order. b. a job. c. a ship

21、ment. d. a lot or batch. e. none of the above Answer: d Difficulty: Easy 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The average inventory in the supply chain due to either production or purchases in lot sizes that are larger than those demanded by the customer is a. annual inventory. b. distribution inventory. c. cycle invento

22、ry. d. physical inventory. e. b and c only Answer: c Difficulty: Moderate A graphical plot depicting the level of inventory over time is a. an inventory graph. b. a distribution inventory. c. an inventory drawing. d. an inventory profile. e. an inventory picture. Answer: d Difficulty: Moderate When

23、demand is steady, cycle inventory and lot size are related as a. Cycle Inventory = Lot Size x 2. b. Cycle Inventory = Q*2. c. Cycle Inventory = Q/2. d. Cycle Inventory = Lot Size = Q. e. none of the above Answer: c Difficulty: Moderate Average flow time resulting from cycle inventory is equal to a.

24、Cycle Inventory/Demand = Q/2.b. Cycle Inventory/Demand = Q/2D.c. Cycle Inventory = Q/2. d. Cycle Inventory = Lot Size = Q. e. none of the above Answer: b Difficulty: Moderate Cycle inventory is primarily held to a. take advantage of diseconomies of scale and increase cost within the supply chain. b.

25、 take advantage of diseconomies of scale and reduce cost within the supply chain. c. take advantage of economies of scale and increase cost within the supply chain. d. take advantage of economies of scale and reduce cost within the supply chain. e. None of the above are true. Answer: d Difficulty: M

26、oderate 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Which of the following is not a cost that must be considered in any lot sizing decision? a. Average price per unit purchased, $C/unit b. Fixed ordering cost incurred per lot, $S/lot c. Holding cost incurred per unit per year, $H/unit/year = hCd. Manufacturing cost per unit,

27、 $M/unit e. All of the above are costs to be considered. Answer: d Difficulty: Moderate The primary role of cycle inventory is to allow different stages in the supply chain to a. purchase product in lot sizes that maximize the sum of the material, ordering, and holding cost. b. purchase product in l

28、ot sizes that minimize the sum of the material, ordering, and holding cost. c. sell product in lot sizes that maximize the sum of the material, ordering, and holding cost. d. sell product in lot sizes that minimize the sum of the material, ordering, and holding cost. e. none of the above Answer: b D

29、ifficulty: Moderate Economies of scale in purchasing and ordering motivate a manager to a. increase the lot size and cycle inventory. b. decrease the lot size and cycle inventory. c. eliminate inventory. d. increase the lot size and reduce cycle inventory. e. none of the above Answer: a Difficulty:

30、Moderate Which of the following is not a situation in which any stage of the supply chain exploits economies of scale in its replenishment decisions? a. A fixed cost is incurred each time an order is placed or produced. b. A holding cost is incurred each period for each unit of inventory. c. The sup

31、plier offers price discounts based on the quantity purchased per lot. d. The supplier offers short-term discounts or holds trade promotions. e. all of the above Answer: b Difficulty: Moderate The price paid per unit is referred to as a. the material cost and is denoted by C. b. the fixed ordering co

32、st and is denoted by S. c. the holding cost and is denoted by H. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. d. the purchase price and is denoted by P. e. none of the above Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate All costs that do not vary with the size of the order but are incurred each time an order is placed are referred to as a

33、. the material cost and is denoted by C. b. the fixed ordering cost and is denoted by S. c. the holding cost and is denoted by H. d. the purchase price and is denoted by P. e. none of the above Answer: b Difficulty: Moderate The cost of carrying one unit in inventory for a specified period of time,

34、usually one year, is referred to as a. the material cost and is denoted by C. b. the fixed ordering cost and is denoted by S. c. the holding cost and is denoted by H. d. the purchase price and is denoted by P. e. none of the above Answer: c Difficulty: Moderate Which of the following would not be an

35、 example of a fixed ordering cost? a. administrative cost incurred to place an order b. trucking cost incurred to transport an order c. labor cost incurred to receive an order d. labor cost incurred to manufacture a part e. none of the above Answer: d Difficulty: Moderate Which of the following woul

36、d not be included in holding cost? a. cost of capital b. cost of physically storing the inventory c. cost of manufacturing d. cost that results from the product becoming obsolete e. none of the above Answer: c Difficulty: Moderate The total annual cost is the sum of annual material cost, annual orde

37、r cost, and annual holding cost, and is given as a. TC = CD + (D/ Q)S + (Q/2) hC . b. TC = CD + (Q/2) S + (D/Q)hC . c. TC = CDS + D/Q + (Q/2) hC . d. TC = Q/2 + (D/ Q)S + (CD )hC . e. none of the above Answer: a Difficulty: Hard 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. The optimal lot size is referred to as the econ

38、omic order quantity (EOQ). It is denoted by Q* and is given by the equation a. Q* = 2 DS/hC . b. Q* = 2hC . c. Q* = 2DS . d. Q* = 2DS/hC . e. none of the above Answer: d Difficulty: Moderate Total ordering and holding costs a. are relatively stable. b. are relatively stable around the economic order

39、 quantity. c. are relatively unstable around the economic order quantity. d. are unstable. e. none of the above Answer: b Difficulty: Easy If demand increases by a factor of k, the optimal lot size increases by a factor of a. k. b. k/2. c. k + 2. d. k-squared. e. the square root of k. Answer: e Diff

40、iculty: Hard If demand increases by a factor of k, the number of orders placed per year should increase by a factor of a. k. b. k/2. c. k + 2. d. k-squared. e. the square root of k. Answer: e Difficulty: Moderate To reduce the optimal lot size by a factor of k, the fixed order cost S must be a. incr

41、eased by a factor of k. b. increased by a factor of k-squared . c. reduced by a factor of k-squared . d. e. reduced by a factor of the square root of reduced by a factor of k. k. Answer: c Difficulty: Moderate Aggregating across products, retailers, or suppliers in a single order allows for a. an in

42、crease in lot size for individual products. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. b. an increase in customer demand. c. a reduction in holding cost per unit. d. a reduction in lot size for individual products. e. a reduction in purchase price per unit. Answer: d Difficulty: Hard Aggregating across products, retailers

43、, or suppliers in a single order allows for a reduction in lot size for individual products because a. fixed ordering and transportation costs are now charged to retailers. b. fixed ordering and transportation costs are now charged to suppliers. c. fixed ordering and transportation costs are now spr

44、ead across multiple products, retailers, or suppliers. d. holding costs are now charged to retailers or suppliers. e. holding costs are now spread across multiple products, retailers, or suppliers. Answer: c Difficulty: Moderate A key to reducing cycle inventory is a. the reduction of holding cost.

45、b. the reduction of manufacturing cost. c. the reduction of lot size. d. the reduction of warehouse space. e. all of the above Answer: c Difficulty: Moderate A key to reducing lot size without increasing costs is to a. reduce the holding cost associated with each lot. b. reduce the fixed cost associ

46、ated with each lot. c. reduce the material cost associated with each lot. d. reduce the manufacturing cost associated with each lot. e. increase the holding cost associated with each lot. Answer: b Difficulty: Moderate A price discount where the pricing schedule offers discounts based on the quantit

47、y ordered in a single lot is a. customer based. b. lot size based. c. supplier based. d. volume based. e. none of the above Answer: b Difficulty: Easy A price discount where the discount is based on the total quantity purchased over a given period, regardless of the number of lots purchased over tha

48、t period is a. customer based. b. lot size based. c. supplier based. d. volume based. e. none of the above Answer: d Difficulty: Moderate 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Pricing schedules with all unit quantity discounts encourage retailers to a. decrease the size of their lots. b. increase the size of their lo

49、ts. c. decrease the size of their inventory. d. increase the price of their products. e. none of the above Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Marginal unit quantity discounts have also been referred to as a. all unit quantity discounts. b. basic quantity discounts. c. elevated quantity discounts. d. multi-b

50、lock tariffs. e. tariffs. Answer: d Difficulty: Moderate In the pricing schedule for marginal unit quantity discounts a. the average costof a unit decreases at a breakpoint. b. the average costof a unit increases at a breakpoint. c. the marginal costof a unit decreases at a breakpoint. d. the margin

51、al costof a unit increases at a breakpoint. e. the average costand the marginal costof a unit decrease at a breakpoint. Answer: c Difficulty: Moderate Quantity discounts lead to a. a significant buildup of cycle inventory in the supply chain. b. a slight buildup of cycle inventory in the supply chai

52、n. c. a decrease in cycle inventory in the supply chain. d. minor fluctuations of cycle inventory in the supply chain. e. a major drop in cycle inventory in the supply chain. Answer: a Difficulty: Moderate For commodity products where price is set by the market, manufacturers can use lot size based

53、quantity discounts to a. achieve coordination in the supply chain and decrease supply chain cost. b. relax coordination in the supply chain and increase supply chain cost. c. relax coordination in the supply chain and decrease supply chain cost. d. achieve coordination in the supply chain and decrea

54、se supply chain cost. e. None of the above are accurate. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. In a supply chain where each stage of the supply chain independently makes its pricing decisions with the objective of maximizing its own profit, a. supply chain profit is lower than a coordinated

55、 solution. b. supply chain profit is higher than a coordinated solution. c. supply chain profit is about the same as a coordinated solution. d. supply chain profit will be maximized. e. None of the above are accurate. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy For products where the firm has market power, coordinat

56、ion in the supply chain can be achieved and supply chain profits maximized through the use of a. two-part tariffs or volume based quantity discounts. b. c. marginal unit quantity discounts. all unit quantity discounts. d. basic quantity discounts. e. none of the above Answer: a Difficulty: Easy The

57、practice where a firm charges differential prices to maximize profits is a. lot pricing. b. marginal pricing. c. price incrimination. d. price discrimination. e. all of the above Answer: d Difficulty: Moderate Discounts related to price discrimination will be a. volume based. b. unit based. c. margi

58、nally based. d. lot size based. e. none of the above Answer: a Difficulty: Hard The goal of trade promotions is to a. influence retailers to act in a way that helps the retailer achieve its objectives. b. influence retailers to act in a way that helps the manufacturer achieve its objectives. c. infl

59、uence retailers to act in a way that will maximize supply chain profit. d. influence retailers to act in a way minimize supply chain cost. e. none of the above Answer: b Difficulty: Hard 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Which of the following is not a key goal (from the manufacturers perspective) of a trade prom

60、otion? a. Induce retailers to use price discounts, displays, or advertising to spur sales. b. Shift inventory from the manufacturer to the retailer and the customer. c. Shift inventory from the retailer to the customer. d. Defend a brand against competition. e. none of the above Answer: c Difficulty