阅读理解之细节理解题(原卷版)-备战2020年高考英语

1、阅读理解之细节理解题高考中细节理解题通常占阅读理解题总数的一半以上。细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的命题方式通常有：特殊疑问句形式。以 when, where, what, which, who, how much/many 等疑问词开头引出的问题；以是非题的形式。 true /false, not true / false 或 EXCEPT ，近年这种题型较少；

2、以According to开头提问方式；以填空题的形式 ，如： TOC o 1-5 h z To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised.By the first sentence of the passage author means that.It seems that now a country s economy depends much on.If you are interested in knowing about what people s life will be, you may visitThe police

3、men were told “ tolook the other way” （the underlined part in Paragraph 2） so that.The policeman who sa id “ Good evening ” to Rolls wanted to.就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案 ”的方法先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的

4、技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句仔细品味，对照比较.确定答案。除了运用扫读法（scanning）外，还可以兼用排除法.将无此细节”和与此细节相反” 的选项排除。了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（ 1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中 直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、

5、推断或结论的时候）能够 准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但 要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有 的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利 用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断.此 类试题在高考中占大多数。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中 特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：题型一描写类细节题描写类细节题，常常考查考生对文

6、中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起 因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较 深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。（2019全国新课标卷I, C）As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric（ 生物 测量）technologieslike fingerprint scans to keep others out of private e-spaces

7、. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（装置）that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence（节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply t

8、o each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access

9、to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody usesa keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunt

10、eers type the word“touch ” fourtimes using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly ma

11、de of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A. To reduce pressure on keys.B. To improve accuracy in typingC. To replace the password system.D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.What makes the inve

12、ntion of the smart keyboard possible ？Computers are much easier to operate.Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.Typing patterns vary from person to person.Data security measures are guaranteed.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard ？ all 1o soisgitieoco oll.A. Itll be environme

13、nt-friendly.B. Itll reach consumers soon.C. Itll be made of plastics.D. Itll help speed up typing.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技智能键盘，它能给e-space 用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。28. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的 At present, these technologies are still expensive, though. 和第二段的 Researchers from Geo

14、rgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选 D。29. C细节理解题。 根据第二段的 The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzingthings like the force of a users typing and the time betweesesnesk.eTyh

15、perse patterns are unique toidentues每个人的打字方式不each person. Thus， the keyboard can determine people同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。30. B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的 The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选 B 。题型二 信息寻找题 、 广告阅读题信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面

16、的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用 “题干定全法” 。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。 考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力， 熟悉文化背景， 利用各种手

17、段 （如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用 “补全成分法”和 “联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用 “题干定向法”。（ 1）补全成分法省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如： Driver wanted. 根据文义，可将该句补充为： A driver will be wanted. （ 招聘一名司机） 。（ 2）联想推测法在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意

18、义。为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：Tel. =telephone numberAdd (r). =addressLtd=LimitedMin=minimumt=timeft=footdoz=dozenPh. =phoneco. =companyMax=maximumhr=hourfig=figureml=mileMt=Mountainprof. =professors=southw=westpop=popularXmas=ChristmasP=pageDr. =doctor n=north Sta=Station vs=versu

19、s info=informationVIP=very important persons hrs=hoursaft=afterad=advertisementp/t=part timeexp=experiencedPC=personal computerMA=Master of ArtsBS degree=bachelors degree （学士学位）口典例剧新（2019新课标全国卷I, A）Need a Job This Summer?The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students

20、 find summer jobs. The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.Not a student? Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round.Jobs for YouthIf you are a teenager liv

21、ing in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible（ 符合条件）for this program. Which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.Who is eligible: Youth 15-18 years old in select communities（ 社区）.Summer CompanySummer Company provides students with hands-on business training and a

22、wards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.Who is eligible: Students aged 15-29, returning to school in the fall.Stewardship Youth Ranger ProgramYou could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer

23、.Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.Summer Employment Opportunities（ 机会 ）Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its

24、related agencies and community groups.Who is eligible: Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.What is special about Summer Company?It requires no training before employment.It provides awards for running new businesses.It a

25、llows one to work in the natural environment.It offers more summer job opportunities.What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A. 15-18.B. 15-24.C. 15-29.D. 16-17.Which program favors the disabled?A. Jobs for Youth.B. Summer Company.C. Stewardship Youth Ranger Program.D. Sum

26、mer Employment Opportunities.【语篇解读】 本文为应用文。 省政府及其合作伙伴提供了许多项目来帮助学生暑期在找到工作。21.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据Summer Company 部分中的“Summer Company provides studentswith .awards of up to 3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses” 可知“SummerCompany 为学生提供高达 3000 美元的奖励， 来开始和经营他们自己的暑期业务”。 “start and runtheir own summe

27、r businesses ”即 为开办新的业务 ”， 这对应 B 项中的 runn new businesses, 二 者是词义之间的转述关系。故选 B 。.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据Stewardship Youth Ranger Program 部分中的第二段“Who is eligible:Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year. ”可知 “符合 条件的学生： 16 岁或 17 岁的学生，但在今年12 月 31 日之前未满18 岁 ” 。由此得出，这个

28、项目要求年龄在 16-17 岁之间。分析选项可知 D 项符合题意，故选 D 。.D 【解析】 细节理解题。 根据 Summer Employment Opportunities 部分中的最后一段最后一句“Whois eligible: .Some positions require students to be 15to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability可知Summer Employment Opportunities有些职位是给残疾人的。分析选项可知，D项符合题意,故选D。题型三数据计算题此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数

29、据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正 确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄 清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度 较大的短文，通常可采用列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。（2018江苏卷，A）The Metropolitan Museum of Art1000 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10028211-535-7710 HYPERLINK Ent

30、rancesFifth Avenue at 82nd StreetHoursOpen 7 days a week.Sunday-Thursday 10:00-17:30Friday and Saturday 10:00-21:00Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, January 1, and the first Monday in May.Admission$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes theMain Building and The C

31、loisters（ 回廊） on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.Free with AdmissionAll special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks,and family/childrens programs are free with admission.Ask about todays activities at the Great Hall Information Desk.T

32、he Cloisters Museum and GardensThe Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum ofArt devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages. The extensive collection consists of masterworks in sculpture, colored glass, and precious objects from Europe dating from ab

33、out the 9th to the 15th century. Hours: Open 7 days a week. March-October 10:00-17:15 November-February 10:00-16:45 Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, and January 1.How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum?A. $12.B. $37.C. $ 50.D. $ 62【文章大意】本文为旅游指南。文章主

34、要介绍了The Metropolitan Museum of Art的地理位置、开放时间、门票收取、展出内容以及分馆The Cloisters Museum and Gardens的相关情况。56. C【解析】数字计算题。根据 admission 部分中的 $25 recommended for adults , $12recommended for students, free for children under 12 with an adult 可知11岁的女孩和她父母去参观博物馆只需 付两个成人的票价即25X2=50,故答案为Co题型四排序题这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子

35、之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类题目可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小 选择范围，从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线 索；如果是说明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序 为线索。从近几年高考试题来看，这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中。题型五图文转换题此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。 可采用 文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按 文“锁图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。6 .代词指代题解题

36、技能代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较 复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。（2019 全国卷 II , A） My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series（系歹U ）of lifestylebooks. Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influ

37、ence of fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words. Matildas battles with her cruel me parents and the bossy headmisres, Miss Trunchbull , are equally fumy and frightening , but theyre also aspirational.After DarkHaruki MurakamiIt s abou

38、t two sisterri, a model who either won t or can t stopnsileeprnga young student . In trying to connect to her sister. Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse who are hiding secrets.Gone GirlGillian FynnThere was a bit of me that didnt want to love this when everyone else on th

39、e planet did but the horror story is brilliant. Theres tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. Its a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise whats going on is horribly enjoyableThe StandStephen KingThis is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the be

40、st storytellers around. After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the worlds population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those let. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.21. Who does I refer to in the text?B. Gillian Flynn.A. Stephen King.C. Jo Usmar.D. Roald Dahl【语

41、篇解读】这是一篇应用文。短文介绍了作家Jo Usmar最喜欢的书籍。21. C 【解析】 细节理解题。 由 Matilda 中的I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl s writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words ” 可知， 我 曾经写过一篇关于童话故事对罗尔德达尔写作有影响的论文，这篇论文让我对他奇怪而有趣的文字有了新的认识。所以Jo Usmar在介绍Matilda这本书，用第一人称“

42、 I” 口吻来说明自己曾经写过一篇关于童话故事对罗尔德达尔写作有影响的论文。所以“I”指的是 JoUsmar。故C选项正确。芯勺检测训练题组一真题在线Passage 1 (2019 全国卷 III, A)OPENINGS AND PREVIEWSAnimals Out of PaperYolo ! Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph , in which an origami( 折纸 术)artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into he

43、r studio. Merri Milwe directs. In previews. Opens Feb.12.(West Park Presbyterian Church, 165 W.86th St.212-868-4444.)The AudienceHelen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan , about Queen Elizabeth II of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Step

44、hen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld , 236 W.45th St.212-239-6200.)HamiltonLin-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton , in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story. Thomas Kail directs. In previews.

45、Opens Feb.17.(Public , 425 LafayetteSt.212-967-7555.)On the Twentieth CenturyKristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green， about a Broadway producer who tries to win a movie stars love during a cross-country train journey. Scott Ellis directs ， fo

46、r Roundabout Theatre Company. Previews begin Feb.12.（American Airlines Theatre ， 227 W.42nd St.212-719-1300.）What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about?.A. A type of art.B. A teenagers studio.C. A great teacher.D. A group of animals.Who is the director of The Audience?A. Helen Mirren.B. Peter M

47、organ.C. Dylan Baker.D. Stephen Daldry.Which play will you go to if you are interested in American history?A. Animals Out of Paper.B. The Audience.C. Hamilton.D. On the Twentieth Century.Passage 2 （2019 天津卷，A）History Fair CompetitionUnderstanding history is vital to understanding ourselves as a peop

48、le and as a nation.History is much more than the study of dusty old objects and events long past. It is an essential part of who we are today and who we will become. Thornton fiddle School History Fair Competition makes understanding history exciting ， engaging ， and fun ！This Years ThemeAll partici

49、pants must address how communication or transportation technology has promoted the quality of life for Americans throughout history. To many people ， technology means computers， hand-held devices， or vehicles that travel to distant planets. However ， technology is also the application of scientific

50、knowledge to solve a problem ， touching lives in countless ways.Individuals or groups may enter one of the following categories ：PerformanceDocumentary （纪实作品）Essay WritingCategory RequirementsPeformance: A dramatic presentation of the topic no more than 10 minutes long. If special clothes are used,

51、they should truly represent a given period.Documentary: A visual presentation （such as a video, slide show, or computer project） no more than 10 minutes long. A desktop computer, screen, projector, and loudspeakers will be available. Students must provide their presentations on CDs before Friday , M

52、arch 23.Essay Writing: An academic paper of 2,000 to 2, 500 words. No illustrations （图解）are allowed. Please do not include covers. A list of references must be included.Important DatesJanuary 5 Submit a topic proposal to your history teacher. The teacher may require a second proposal if the first is

53、 off-topic or unclear.February 5 Submit a first draft of your essay , performance script （居U本）,or documentary highlights.February 19 A committee of teachers will evaluate materials and give opinions. Students then have an opportunity to improve their products.March 9 Submit a final draft of your ess

54、ay.March 15 Performance and documentary committee previewMarch 24 Thornton Middle School History Fair Competition00A. M-9 : 00A. MParticipants signing in at the gym00A. M.-6 : 00PM. Competition and judges review00P.M.Awards ceremony and picnicAccording to Paragraph 1 , what is the major goal of unde

55、rstanding history ?To preserve national traditions.To prepare for a history competition.To better know the present and future.To further explore historical mysteries.What is the theme of this years competition ?Technology advances science.Science interacts with technology.Science has made the study

56、of history easy.Technology has improved the life of Americans.Among the items provided by the school for a visual presentation arespecial clothes and a screena desktop computer and a CDa projector and special clothesa desktop computer and loudspeakersWhat would a participant have to do with an essay

57、 of 1,500 words to meet the category requirement?Include more information in the essay.Remove the references.Provide a cover for the essay.Explain the details with illustrations.What will the committee of teachers do on February 19?Preview performances and documentaries.Make comments on the material

58、s.C. Improve the participants first draft.D. Collect a second proposal from the participant.Passage 3 （2019 -江苏卷,A）High mindedBuxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and you ll find much to suit all tastes withart, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts C

59、entre andGreen Man Gallery. There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved, including workshops and events.Keeping the kids happyChildren love the small train and playgrounds in thePavilion Gardens and there s plenty more texplore at the Buxton Museum. Theres a new indo

60、or play centre, plus the special events and workshops, and others during school holiday periodsIf you want to take an underground journey, which place is the best choice?A. Poles Caven.B. Pavilion Gardens.C. Buxton Museum.D. Green Man Gallery.Buxton Open House & Pavilion Arts Centre is special becau