大肠结肠癌专题知识主题讲座课件(共24张)(PPT 24页)

1、What is it ?第1页，共24页。It is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and women and the second highest cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. Yet, when found early, it is highly curable. This type of cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow in the lining of the large intestine (colon) or rectum. Le

2、arn more about who gets colorectal cancer, how it is detected, and what the latest treatments can accomplish.第2页，共24页。How it starts ?第3页，共24页。It often begin as polyps benign growths on the surface of the colon. The two most common types of intestinal polyps are adenomas and hyperplasic polyps. They

3、develop when there are errors in the way cells grow and repair the lining of the colon. Most polyps remain benign, but some have the potential to turn cancerous. Removing them early prevents colorectal cancer.第4页，共24页。Risk Factors You Cant Control第5页，共24页。genetics & lifestyle. Age most patients are

4、older than 50Polyps or inflammatory bowel diseaseFamily history of colorectal cancerHistory of ovarian or breast cancer第6页，共24页。Risk Factors You Can Control第7页，共24页。Diet high in red, processed, or heavily cooked meatsBeing overweight (excess fat around the waist)Exercising too littleSmoking or drink

5、ing alcohol第8页，共24页。Its warning Signs第9页，共24页。There are usually no early warning signs for colorectal cancer. For this reason its important to get screened. Detecting cancer early means its more curable. As the disease progresses, patients may notice blood in the stool, abdominal pain, a change in b

6、owel habits (such as constipation or diarrhea), unexplained weight loss, or fatigue. By the time these symptoms appear, tumors tend to be larger and more difficult to treat.第10页，共24页。Screening 第11页，共24页。Because colorectal cancer is stealthy, screenings are the key to early detection. Beginning at ag

7、e 50, most people should have a colonoscopy every 10 years. This procedure uses a tiny camera to examine the entire colon and rectum. These tests not only find tumors early, but can actually prevent colorectal cancer by removing polyps (shown here).第12页，共24页。Virtual Colonoscopy第13页，共24页。There is now

8、 an alternative to colonoscopy that uses CT scan images to construct a 3-D model of your colon. Called virtual colonoscopy, the procedure can reveal polyps or other abnormalities without actually inserting a camera inside your body. The main disadvantage is that if polyps are found, a real colonosco

9、py will still be needed to remove and evaluate them.第14页，共24页。X-Rays of the Colon (Lower GI)X-Rays of the colon - using a chalky liquid known as barium as a contrast agent - allow your doctor a glimpse at the interior of the colon and rectum, offering another way to detect polyps, tumors, and change

10、s in the intestinal tissue. Shown here is an apple core tumor constricting the colon. Like the virtual colonoscopy, any abnormalities that appear on the X-rays will need to be followed up with a conventional colonoscopy.第15页，共24页。Diagnosing Colorectal CancerIf testing reveals a possible tumor, the n

11、ext step is a biopsy. During a colonoscopy, your doctor will remove polyps and take tissue samples from any parts of the colon that look unusual. This tissue is examined under a microscope to determine whether or not it is cancerous. Shown here is a color-enhanced, magnified view of colon cancer cel

12、ls.第16页，共24页。Staging Colorectal CancerIf cancer is detected, it will be staged, a process of finding out how far the cancer has spread. Tumor size may not correlate with the stage of cancer. Staging also enables your doctor to determine what type of treatment you will receive.第17页，共24页。I Cancer has

13、not spread beyond the inside of the colon or rectumII Cancer has spread into the muscle layer of the colon or rectumIII - Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes in the areaIV Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lung, or bones. This stage does NOT depend on how deep

14、 the tumor has penetrated or if the disease has spread to the lymph nodes near the tumor.第18页，共24页。Colorectal Cancer Survival RatesThe outlook for your recovery depends on the stage of your cancer, with higher stages meaning more serious cancer. The five-year survival rate refers to the percentage o

15、f patients who live at least five years after being diagnosed. Stage I has a 93% five-year survival rate while stage IV has a five-year survival rate of only 8%.第19页，共24页。Colorectal Cancer SurgeryIn all but the last stage of colorectal cancer, the usual treatment is surgery to remove the tumor and s

16、urrounding tissue. In the case of larger tumors, it may be necessary to take out an entire section of the colon and/or rectum. The good news is that surgery has a very high cure rate in the early stages. If the cancer has spread to the liver, lungs, or other organs, surgery is not likely to offer a

17、cure - but removing the additional tumors, when possible, may reduce symptoms.第20页，共24页。Treating Advanced Colorectal CancerWhen colorectal cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes (stage III), it can still be cured. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation (being administ

18、ered here), and chemotherapy. If the cancer comes back after initial treatment or spreads to other organs, it becomes much more difficult to cure. But radiation and chemotherapy can still relieve symptoms and help patients live longer.第21页，共24页。Coping With ChemotherapyChemotherapy has come a long way from the days of turning peoples stomachs. Newer drugs are less likely to cause this problem, and there are also medications to control nausea if it does