2008年新航道考研英语听课笔记

1、2008年新航道考研英语听课笔记（四）在“考研阅读的最高境界（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：1 把握中心思想层2 概括段落大意层3 深入剖析文章层4 摘录背诵佳句层5 换位思考命题层 现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。Passage 4“I have great confidence that by

2、 the end of the decade well know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kin

3、ds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the fi

4、ve-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the ea

5、rly 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becom

6、es cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors c

7、an never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We cant prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of gen

8、es in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”13. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to .A predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decadeB indicate that the prospects for cur

9、ing cancer are brightC prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty yearsD warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered14. The author implies that by the year 2000, .A there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patientsB 90 percent of

10、the skin-cancer patients today will still be livingC the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancersD there wont be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients15. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes.A that are always in operation in a healthy personB whi

11、ch remain unharmful so long as they are not activatedC that can be driven out of normal cellsD which normal cell cant turn off16. The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means .A deadB ever-presentC inactiveD potential文章结构与内容文章结构：层层递进型。本文指出人们虽然还没有找到治愈癌症的方法，但在癌症的研究方面已经有了很大进展。人们发现了致癌基因

12、（oncogene），但是对于其活动过程还知之不多。作者认为虽然癌症的治愈前景遥远，但已经比较明朗。阅读时注意文中的转折处。核心词汇1. in vast detail 很详尽地（vast 大量的，巨大的）2. microbiologist 微生物学家3. caution警告；n. 谨慎；警告（precaution预先警告，预防）4. infection 感染，传染（动词infect 感染，传染）5. suffer from 患有；遭受；忍受6. survive 幸存，幸免于；活得比长（名词survival）7. statistics 统计数值，统计资料，统计（学）8. variety种类，品种

13、；多种多样9. in existence 存在，生存10. oncogene （致）癌基因11. activate 激活，使活动（形容词active）12. dormant暂停活动的；潜在的；睡着的（同根词dormitory宿舍-dorm睡觉）13. drive into action 使活动起来，迫使行动14. turn off 关闭，使停止活动15. involved相关的，涉及的16. mysterious 神秘的（名词mystery 神秘事物）17. likelihood 可能性（形容词likely 可能的）18. initiate 开始，发起（同根词initiative 主动的行动；

14、首创精神-init第一，开始）19. prepare against 以防备20. cosmic 宇宙的（名词cosmos宇宙）21. prospect 前景（prospective 未来的）22. counteract 对起反作用，对抗（= counter（相反）+act（作用）23. predict 预言，预测（形容词predictable可以预测的）* * *24. drastic激烈的，迅猛的；严厉的25. in operation工作，运行难句分析1. “But”, he cautions, “some people may have the idea that once one u

15、nderstands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”结构分析这是一个直接引语，包含两个部分，其中第一个句子的主干是some people may have the idea，后面的that引导一个同位语从句that once one understands the causes,

16、 the cure will rapidly follow，修饰the idea；第二个句子是一个例子，说明前一句中some people的错误观点。参考译文 “但是”，他警告说，“有些人可能有这样一种想法：一旦人们了解了病因，很快就能找到治疗方法。想一想巴斯德，他发现了多种传染病的病因，可是五、六十年后才找到治疗方法。”2. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inacti

17、ve in normal cells.结构分析 本句的主干是The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s，第一个逗号之后的when引导一个定语从句when they discovered，修饰the early 1970s；discovered后面是that引导的一个宾语从句that oncogenes are inactive in normal cells，这个宾语从句中的which are cancer-causing genes是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰oncogenes，解释oncogenes的含义。参考译文 研究人员

18、在20世纪70年代初期取得巨大进展-当时这些研究人员发现致癌基因在正常细胞中并不活动。3. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.结构分析本句是一个复合句，前半句的主语是Anything，后面的介词结构from cosmic rays to radiation to diet说明主语所包括的范围；后半句是一个省略句，补充完整是but how they may activate a dormant oncogene remain

19、s unknown。参考译文 从宇宙射线到辐射到饮食，任何东西都有可能激活沉睡中的致癌基因，但激活的方式尚不得而知。4. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent cancers.结构分析本句是一个表示转折的复合句，前半句的involved（相关的，涉及的）后置作mechanisms的定语，有类似用法的词有concer

20、ned（有关的）；后半句的主干是the likelihood .suggests that., 其中主语the likelihood（可能性）后带有同位语从句that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes，而谓语suggests后带有that引导的一个宾语从句。参考译文 癌变涉及的确切机制仍然很神秘，但许多癌症开始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远无法预防所有的癌症。试题详解13例证题。这类题的答案一般在例子前。作者在举Pasteur的例子之前，就已经警告人们不要以为理解了癌症的致病原因就能很快找到治疗方法（ “But, ” he cau

21、tions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow），也就是说there is still a long way to go(前面要走的路还很长)。D符合此意，为正确答案。注意：作者此处所举的例子是一个反例。14 事实细节题。二段开始指出当时所有癌症患者能活5年的达50，到2000年达75%，有些皮肤癌患者可达90，但是其他统计数字并不乐观-肺癌和胰腺癌的5年存活率分别是13%和2%。D“并不是所有的癌症患者存活率都会大幅提高”符合此意，所以是正

22、确答案。A“皮肤癌患者的5年存活率将有大幅提高”与原文不符，因为二段第三句指的是部分皮肤癌患者，而A选项指的是所有皮肤癌患者。阅读时注意文中的转折词but。15事实细节题。根据问题中的关键词oncogenes定位原文三段第二句：oncogenesare inactive in normal cells(致癌基因在正常细胞中是不活动的，也就是对细胞无害的)。下一句指出它们能被激活，这时就对细胞有害。B符合此意，为正确答案。16词义题。推测词义可以根据上下文进行。首先，谓语activate（激活）提供了线索，因为需要激活的东西肯定原来是不活跃的，那么C为正确答案。其次，下一句中的driven into action（被激活）也提示dormant的含义。参考译文癌症专家、微生物学家罗伯特温伯格说：“我充分相信，十年之内我们就能够非常详