科技英语的特殊语法现象讲课版课件

1、1.2 科技英语的特殊语法现象五、关于动作主体的问题六、命令句的用法七、by, with的用法八、关于“名词+名词”的问题九、很少用“s”表示所有十、定语从句中与which、when连用的介词位置一、关于be going to 表示未来的问题二、will, can, may的用法三、无人称被动句的用法四、should的用法十一、关于if 从句的问题十二、从句的紧缩式十三、完成时的用法十四、as的用法十五、such that, such as to 的用法十六、关于抽象名词的用法十七、动词+后缀当形容词十八、常用的前缀十九、多用正规动词，少用“动词+副词”1.2 科技英语的特殊语法现象The n

2、ew aircraft is going to fly for the first time on Monday.The new aircraft will fly for the first time on Monday.一、很少用be going to 表示未来科技英语中很少用be going to 表示将来。这架新飞机将在礼拜一首次航行。二、will, can, may的用法The new motorway will have three traffic lanes in each direction。Production of the new machine will commence

3、 next year.明年（将会）开始生产这种新机器。新高速公路的两侧（将会）各有三条相反方向的交通线。表示纯粹未来用will（1）These planes这几架飞机的飞行速度可达到每小时800英里。表示能力用will, can,capable和be able towill flycan fly are capable of flying are able to fly800 miles per hour.二、will, can, may的用法at（2）This solid will vaporize when we heat it.Friction will cause the bearin

4、gs to become heated. 摩擦会使轴承变热。 当我们给它加热时，这种固体会汽化。表示经常发生的事用will二、will, can, may的用法（3）Metal which cools rapidlyUnguarded belts or chainsThe testing of new machinesmaycancause fracture.cause accidents.take a long time.表示有时发生的事用may, can二、will, can, may的用法（4）We can easily calculate the friction losses.Wor

5、k on the new engine can start in a few weeks. 几周后可以开始这种新型发动机的工作。 我们可以很容易的算出摩擦损耗。表示能够用can二、will, can, may的用法（5）This problemLow-speed bearingsThe steelThermo-couplesmay becan be approached in several ways.lubricated with grease.quenched（淬火） in either water or oil.used to measure high temperatures.表示可能

6、性用may, can二、will, can, may的用法（6）三、无人称被动句的用法The driver starts the engine.The engine is started.（司机）开动发动机。He welded the plates together.The plates are welded together.（他）把钢板焊接在一起。The furnace smelts the ore.The ore is smelted in the furnace.高炉熔化矿石。The man sharpened his tool.His tool was sharpened.那人磨尖了

7、它的工具。We must lubricate bearings.Bearings must be lubricated.（我们）必须润滑轴承。三、无人称被动句的用法他们很快就开始进行这项工作。They will start the work soon.The work will soon be started.或Attention should be paid not to damage the machine.（操作者）应当注意不要损坏了机器。The heat in the center of the earth is being made use of in some countries.

8、在某些国家，人们利用地球中心的热。Use is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries.三、无人称被动句的用法A lathe can cut screws.Screws can be cut on a lathe.车床能加工螺丝。四、should的用法Safety precautions should be observed at all time.These machines should be handled with great care.这些机器应当小心操作。任何时候都应注意安全措施。表示“

9、告诫”The results of the experiment should be plotted on a graph.应将实验结果绘在图表上。（1）Carbon content in steel should not be more than 0.5%.The steel should not contain more than 0.5% of carbon.钢里的含炭量不应超过0.5%。说明某一情况The maximum internal diameter should be 40 thousandths of an inch.最大内径应为40/1000英寸。或四、should的用法（

10、2）This building should be completed by the end of next year.The process of cooling should continue for several hours.冷却过程要延续好几个小时。这座大楼应在明年年底前竣工。表示“期待”四、should的用法（3）五、关于动作主体的问题 动作主体是人时，句末不用by短语； 动作主体不是人时，句末应用by短语； 动作主体为人，但省去影响句子的意思时，应加by短语。2Agriculture cannot be developed without sufficient water.Exp

11、losion is caused by the rapid combination of the fuels with the oxygen in the air. 没有足够的水就无法发展农业。爆炸是由燃料与空气中的氧迅速化合而引起的。动作主体是人，不用by五、关于动作主体的问题动作主体不是人，用byThree machines can be controlledAll responsibility for the accident must be accepted 一个操作者可以同时控制三台机器。设计者应承担产生事故的一切责任。 by the designer. by a single op

12、erator. 强调动作主体，用by五、关于动作主体的问题六、命令句的用法表示无人称指令AllowLetTake祈使句动词开头Should命令句e.g.Water should be heated beforeThe bearing should be lubricated beforeLet me by! 让我过去！Let it alone! 别管它！Let him be! 别打扰他！日常英语将轮胎里的气放掉！科技英语Let the air out of the tire！把瓶子里的水倒出来。Let the water out of the bottle.六、命令句的用法每十分钟测一次温度！

13、Take the temperature every ten minutes.假设X等于每分钟的转数。Let X equal the number of revolutions per minute.记下水面位置。Take the water level.六、命令句的用法让水冷却十分钟，然后再测温度。Allow the water to cool for ten minutes and then take the temperature.计算出将产生的膨胀量。Calculate the amount of expansion which will take place.六、命令句的用法Fill

14、 a test-tube half full of water and heat it nearly to boiling point. Support the tube on a stand and allow it to cool.Take the temperature every minute. Stir carefully with a glass rod. Record the reading you obtain，and plot them on a graph of temperature against time. Repeat this with a tube half-f

15、ull of crystals. Allow the solid to melt. Heat the liquid to 100 ,fix the tube on the stand and allow it to cool. Record the results as before and plot them.七、by, with的用法byby means of用耐火砖可以减少热损耗。Heat losses can be reduced by firebricks.Heat losses can be reduced by lining the furnace with firebricks

16、.The heat loss reduction can be achieved by means of firebricks.withwith the help ofBy means of 后面不能跟动名词短语。Heat losses can be reduced by means of lining the furnace with firebricks.Heat losses can be reduced by means of firebricks.七、by, with的用法The necessary heat for the carbon-steam and carbon-carbo

17、n dioxide reactions is commonly generated by burning part of the carbon in the gasifier.碳和蒸汽以及碳和二氧化碳反应所需的热量通常靠在气化炉中燃烧一部分碳来提供.传动装置上通常有安全销，防止过载。The drive units are normally equipped with shear pins for overload protection.七、by, with的用法That part of the steam nearest to the walls is cooled and condenses

18、 as a film of water,the volume of steam in the cylinder is there by considerably reduced. there by=by means of this 由此 七、by, with的用法离缸壁最近的那一部分蒸汽却形成薄薄的一层水，于是缸中蒸汽的总量便大大减少。八、关于“名词+名词”的问题表示原材料表示典型成分表示工作介质an iron pipe = a pipe made of ironoil product = products made of oilmanganese steel = steel which co

19、ntains manganesea steam engine = an engine worked by steam表示工作对象an air compressor = a device for compressing air表示用途表示方式表示所属表示关于表示形状a drive motor= a motor for driving machinesa foot brake= a brake operated by foot= molecules of waterthe production costwater molecules= the cost concerning productiona

20、 star wheel= a wheel shaped like a starash contentsurface propertymineral matterrate constantnitrogen dioxideexperiment resultsadsorption mechanismmoisture contentair pressurediamond insert菱形插头名词组合多个名词组合satellite communication techniques卫星通讯技术Fluid power drive components液力驱动元件Fire tube boiler inspec

21、tion door火管锅炉监察门九、很少用“s”表示所有s一般表示生命体的所有，如：Marys watchmy uncles housethe cats food科技英语中用“名词+of+名词”或“名词+名词”the property of mineralsthe surface of the earth地心引力 Gravitational pull of the earth 非 the earths gravitational pull月球表面 The surface of the moon汽车的最大速度 The maximum speed of the car 非 the cars max

22、imum speed九、很少用“s”表示所有为方法、技术、反应、定律、方程式等命名，需特别注意欧姆定律 ohms law牛顿定律 New-tons Law波尔曼技术 Bollmans technique一个人发现者华氏温度计 a Fahrenheit thermometer本生灯 a Bunhrenheit burner一个人发明者施特芬-波兹曼定律 the Stofan-Boltzman Law尤利-汤普森反应 the Joule-Thompson effect两个或两个以上人用复合结构十、定语从句中与which、whom 连用的介词位置Jet engines with which most

23、 modern high-speed aircraft are equipped develop thrust on the same principle as the propellers of conventional aero-engines.当代飞机上都使用喷气式发动机，这种发动机可以产生 一种推动力，其原理与普通的螺旋桨飞机发动机相同。This is the book about which you mentioned yesterday.This is the girl about whom you talked yesterday.This is the book which y

24、ou mentioned about yesterday.十一、if从句的问题 条件句用现在时，主句用将来时或现在时。例： 如果水是干净的，就不需要进一步处理。If the water is pure,it will not need further treatment。十二、从句的紧缩式 当主句与从句是同一主语时，用“连词+过去分词”，或介词+抽象名词。例：1. 物体放在阳光下时，它会变热。When an object is placed in the sun, it becomes hot .An object becomes hot when it is placed in the su

25、n.An object becomes hot when placed in the sun.2. 安全火柴只有在被擦时才着火。Safety matches light only when they are stricken.Safety matches light only when stricken.3. 当光线聚集在一点时，会产生大量的热。When light is converged at a point, it would produce large quantity of heat.When converged at a point, the light would produce

26、 large quantity of heat.介词+抽象名词，例：4. Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete while it is being compacted.在压模时，混凝土产生较大的侧压力。Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete during pactcompaction5. after it is separatedafter separation连词+形容词，例：6. When necessary必要时Once If possib

27、le有可能的话一旦While 当时小结：可用紧缩式的连词或介词有：When, while, once, if, as, after, during等十三、完成时的用法多以被动语态出现描述已经发生的事，时间不明确；描述不断发生，或到现在为止反复发生的事；表示“已经”、“还未”、“自从一直”等；表示“最近”、 “近来”、 “新近”。描述已经发生的事，时间不明确1.高速公路系统的建设工作已开始。Work has been started on the new system of motorways.2. 研究中用了几种来自不同地方的样品。Samples from different sources

28、have been used in this research.3.研究表明吸烟和肺癌之间有一定的关系。Research has shown a probable connection between smoking and lung cancer.描述不断发生，或到现在为止反复发生的事4.工程师们遇到许多有关这种材料的问题。Engineers have encountered many problems with this material.5. The pyrite/aqueous interaction has been studied extensively in the past d

29、ue its importance in extractive metallurgy.由于黄铁矿与水溶液的相互作用在提取冶金中很重要，人们对它进行了大量的研究。表示“还未”、“自从一直”6. 这项工程的设计工作还未开始。Design on the project has not been started yet.7. 自从1980年以来一直在进行高速公路的建设。Work on the motorway has been going on since 1980.表示“最近”，“近来”，“新近”。8. 这家公司最近研制出来一种新型的飞机。The company has just developed

30、 a new type of aircraft.9. 由于天气不好，高速公路的建设最近暂停了。Work on the motorway has recently been held up owing to bad weather.十四、as的用法 “认为”“称为”“表述为”“定义为” “看成是”“作为”“当作”This type of motor is known as (is referred to as)an induction motor.1.这种发电机称为感应发电机。2.发动机的功率表述为理想功率的百分数。The efficiency of the engine is expresse

31、d as a percentage of the ideal efficiency. Electric current may be considered as a flow of electrons through a medium.3.电流可看成是穿过介质内的一股电子流。These materials may be classified as conductors.4.这些材料可以归在导体类。“以的形式（或形态）”The steam is cooled and condensed as a film of water.5.蒸汽冷凝成一层水膜。The carbon in cast iron

32、is present partly as free graphite.6.铸铁中的碳部分以自由石墨的形式存在。“正如 ”、 “如”、“如图”、“如上”7. As Fig.1.2 shows As we have just proved As we have stated in the previous chapterAs is shown in the illustrationAs is knownAs was mentioned a short time agoAs shown in the tableAs pointed out by professor SmithAs aboveAs b

33、eforeas + 主动句as + 被动句as + 过去分词as + 其它词as不翻译出来8. The bridge, as originally planned, would have been too expensive.原来设计的那座桥造价太贵。9. The uranium, as used in the reactor, is the form of a thin rod.在反应堆中用的铀是一种细棒。as不翻译出来 as + such因此，起连词作用10. The earth is a conductor of electricity and as such may form part

34、 of an electrical circuit.地球是一种导体，因此就可能形成部分电路。11. A simple governor is dependent on gravity as such it must be kept vertical.一个简单的调速器是依靠重力工作的，因此必须将其竖立放置。普通英语中十五、such that, such as to1. Her excitement was such that she shouted.她兴奋地叫起来。2. It was such a lovely day that everybody was feeling happy and c

35、heerful.那是一个如此美好的日子，人人都感到快乐高兴。如此以至于3. His illness was not such as to cause anxiety.他的病还没严重到令人忧虑的地步。4. I am not such a fool as to believe that. 科技英语中1. The size of the flow-meter is such that the flow is unaffected by it.流量计的大小是这样设计的，即它不影响流速。或 The size of the flow-meter is such as to have no effect o

36、n the flow.2. The job is such that it demands the greatest skill.不翻译出来这是一项需要高度技艺的工作。或 The job is such as to demand the greatest skill. 是这样的，这种意思十六、抽象名词的用法抽象名词的来源：动词、形容词1. v. n.consume,separate,emit, produce, apply,communicate, grow,transmit,install . consumption, separation, emission, production, ap

37、plication, communication, growth, transmission, installation抽象名词的来源：动词、形容词2. a. n.responsibleaccurateefficientresponsibilityaccuracyefficiencyemitemissiontransmittransmissionconsumeconsumption1. 一年四季的日常用水量不同。The daily consumption of water varies with the season.2.送电时广泛使用变压器。Transformers are widely u

38、sed in the transmission of electrical power.3. 原子裂变能放出中子。Nuclear fission results in the emission of neutrons.installinstallation4.厂家负责安装这种新设备。The installation of the new equipment is the responsibility of the manufactures.The manufactures are responsible for installing the new equipment.specifyspeci

39、fication5. 所有有关的资料均应在规格中详细说明。All the relevant information should be detailed in the specification.6. 在飞行中螺旋桨叶的倾斜度是可调的。The inclination of the propeller blades is adjustable during flight.inclineinclination7.用这种方法试验机器需要消耗电力。If machines are tested by this method, there will be some loss of power.The te

40、sting of machines by this method entails some loss of power。 用抽象名词或动名词代替动词testtesting8.用泵能抽取油箱中的油。The contents of the tank are discharged by a pump.Discharge of the contents of the tank is performed by a pump.dischargedischarge9.在压膜时混凝土产生较大的侧压力。Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concret

41、e during pactcompactionConsiderable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete while it is being compacted.10.有必要检查一下这些结果是否准确。It is necessary to examine whether these results are accurate.It is necessary to examine the accuracy of these results 。11. 需要有关哪种燃料最合适的情报。Information is needed as to which

42、type of fuel is most suitable.Information is needed as to the most suitable type of fuel. 用名词短语代替从句12. 不清楚这些结果有多么准确。It is doubtful how accurate the results are.The accuracy of the results is doubtful.13. 工作的进展取决于这个机构的效率如何。The progress of the work will depend on how efficient the organization is.The

43、Progress of the work will depend on the efficiency of the organization. 用名词短语代替从句十七、动词+后缀当形容词后缀：-able, -ed, -ing, -ive, -entmachinable steel可加工的钢铁-able, -ible, -uble“可以”，“可的”noticeable effect明显的效果controllable effect可控制的反应negligible amount可忽略的数量，一点点后缀：-able, -ed, -ing, -ive, -entheated metal加热的金属-ed“

44、被的”，“被过的”，“经过的”corroded iron生锈的铁emitted rays放射线treated处理过的effective remedy有效的医药-ive表示性质、特点等reactive force反作用力relative motion相对运动后缀：-able, -ed, -ing, -ive, -entabsorbent material吸附剂，吸附型材料-ant, -ent表示性能等absorbent charcoal活性炭absorbent paper吸水纸absorbent cotton吸水棉花，脱脂棉conducting medium传导介质-ing表示性质、作用等lub

45、ricating oil润滑油attendant claim附带要求attendant phenomenon伴生现象十八、常用的前缀前缀： inter-, en-, em-, re-, over-, under-, dis-, de-, im-, sub-, super-, counter-interact相互作用Inter-“在之间”interconnect互联interweave交织interwind互相盘绕interwork互相配合reuse重用，再用re-“重新”、“再”recharge再充电，再装料recreate再生regrind再磨regroup重组recarbonize再碳化r

46、ecall取回，检索，二次呼叫前缀： over-, under-overload超载，超负荷over-“在上”，“过于的”overall全部，总的overhead架空，高架的overweight超重overgrow蔓生undercurrent低电流under-“在下”、“太少”underground地下的undercapitalize投资紧缩underlay从下面支撑undersize过小undersea海底，水下underload负载不足overseas海外overmany过多overheat过热overwind上卷式overtemperature过热温度underclass经济最底层前缀：

47、 dis-, de-, im-, in-,ir-, un-disadjust失调dis- 表示反义de- “使不”“脱”“退”disjoin分离discharge放电decarbonize脱碳disconnect解开，折断impure不纯，含杂质im-, in-, ir-, un-“不”、“非”inaccuracy不精密inactive无效，不活动的irregular不规则的irresponsible不负责任的inaccessible不可达的demagnetise退磁defat脱脂，除油dewater脱水immature未成熟的immaterial非物质的irrecoverable不可恢复的前

48、缀： counter-, super-counteract抵消，抵制counter-“反”、“对”counteradvice反对意见counterbalance配重，平衡力，托盘天平countercharge反控supersonic超声super-“超”、“在上”、“过”superhard过硬的superheat过热的前缀： sub-, em-,en- submarine海底的，潜艇sub-“在之下”、“子”、“亚”subsurface地下的substandard不合标准subfile子文件subprogram子程序enlarge扩大，扩展en-, em- +名词或形容词动词ensure确保e

49、mbed埋，嵌embody包含，具体化，连接，补充subtropical亚热带subpoint投影点subpackage分装subdirectory子目录subnet子网gives offemits十九、科技文章中较少用“动词+副词”，通常用正规动词例：“放出”，用emit，而非 give off “消耗”，用consume, 而非 eat up1. 热的物体以电磁波的形式放能量。A heat body emits energy in the form of electro-magnetic waves.given off emittedeats up consumes2. 高炉平均每小时消耗三吨燃料。The furnace consumes fuel at the rate of three tons per hour.3. 灼热的金属中放出大量的蒸汽。A certain amount of vapour is emitted from the hot metal.若没有相应的动词与之对应，则可使用动词短语处理deal with建立set up拉紧take up起飞t