让步状语从句5课件

1、让步状语从句专讲第1页，共41页。一.定义定义：让步状语从句是状语从句中的一种，其本身也是状语从句。一般翻译为“尽管”或“即使”，就是我们日常生活中用的“退一步说”的感觉。二.关联词引导让步状语从句的连词主要有：though和although（虽然，纵然），while, as（虽然.但是.）; even if和even though（即使纵使）; whether.or.(无论是否或不管是还是); no matter+疑问词（不管都），疑问词-ever，regardless of+名词/名词短语/名词从句，despite和in spite of(尽管).第2页，共41页。 三.位置让步状语从句可

2、以前置，也可以后置；前置时强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。有时也可以采取中位（插入句中）。第3页，共41页。 although和though同义，在一般情况下，可以互换使用。只是though较普遍，常用于非正式的口语或书面语中，而although则较为正式。另外although语气比though重，常用以强调让步概念。 Though Although it was raining，we went there. 虽然下着雨，但我们还是去了那儿。四.具体用法1although 和though(虽然，尽管) 引导的让步状语从句：第4页，共41页。Though Although it was bar

3、ely four oclock, the lights were already on. 尽管才四点钟，灯已经亮了。Though Although we are poor, we are still happy. 我们虽然穷，仍然很快活Though/Although my car is very old, I dont want to buy a new one. 虽然我的汽车很旧，但我不想买一辆新的。 He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to. 虽然我警告他不要做，但他仍然坚持要做。 第5页，共41页。even能和though组

4、合表示强调，但even不能和although组合。因此，不能说even although,在这里even though=even if(no matter if; though即使也) e.g. Even if/Even though we could afford it, we wouldnt go abroad for our vocation.即使我们付得起这笔钱，也不出国度假。 第6页，共41页。当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，通常用though,而不用although。 e.g. Though all the world were against me, I should still

5、 hold to my opinion. 就算全世界都反对我，我还是坚持我的立场。 Though everybody deserts you, I will not. 即使所有人都抛弃你，我也不会的。 第7页，共41页。though可以独立用作副词，常放在句末，意为all the same (还是；仍然)或however(可是；然而)，而although无此用法。 e.g. She didnt tell me what she had done, but I know it though. 她没有告诉我她所做的事情，但我还是知道了。 Its hard work. I enjoy it, tho

6、ugh. 工作很苦，可是我喜欢。 第8页，共41页。though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装，而although从句则不能。 e.g. Bravely though they fought, they had no chance of winning. 虽然他们打得很勇敢，但还是没有机会获胜。 Poor though I am, I can afford it. 我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。Child though he was, he did quite well. 他虽是孩子，但干得很好。第9页，共41页。相同点：在although和though引导的让步状语从句中，主句里不可用but,若

7、要强调前后两部分的对比意义，可在主句前加yet或still。 e.g. Although/Though he has a lot of money, yet/still he is unhappy. 他虽然有很多钱，但并不幸福。 第10页，共41页。although和though引导让步状语从句时，常采用省略形式。 e.g. Although tired (=Although he was tired), he kept on working. 虽然很疲劳，但他继续工作。 The problem, though complicated(=though it is complicated), c

8、an be solved without much difficulty.第11页，共41页。2even if, even though(即使)和 if 引导的让步状语从句：even if 与 even though同义，常用于强调让步概念 Ill do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon. Even if you fail, you can try again.注：if 有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件if 与让步if 的区别，试比较： If he is poor, how can he buy the house? (条件) If he

9、is poor, he is at least honest. (让步) (= even if)第12页，共41页。3由as, that, though引导的特殊让步状语从句结构： 在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的含义，可用as引导让步从句。但as一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首。（though, that与as一样，也可以用于这种结构），如下面几种情况： 表语的倒装： Old as I am, I can still fight. Tall as / though he was, he couldnt reach the top shelf. Difficult thou

10、gh the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time.第13页，共41页。 谓语动词的倒装： Try as he would, he could not remember a word of it. (= No matter how he would try ) Try as he might, he didnt pass the exam.Try as you may, you will never succeed. 状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very, much等修饰语） Much as I admire him as a w

11、riter, I do not like him as a man.Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them.第14页，共41页。注意事项： 如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如：Child as / that he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best. as从句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，当as从句置于句首时，主句前可加yet ，如： Mary, b

12、rave as she is, is afraid of snakes.Rich as he is, (yet) I dont envy him.第15页，共41页。注意比较下列各句： While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings. (让步) While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. (让步) While I was reading, the light went out. (时间)He is idle, while his brother is dili

13、gent. (转折、对比)4while引导的让步状语从句： while (= although),它引导的让步状语从句只能前置，位于句首，如： While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cannot be solved.第16页，共41页。6whetheror引导的让步状语从句： 这种从句也称“选择条件-让步状语从句”，可位于主句之前或之后，如： Whether he drives or (whether he) flies, he will be here on time. Whether yo

14、u like it or not, youll have to do it.We hold that all countries, (whether they are) big or small, (whether they are) rich or poor, should be equal. Whether it rains or snows, I will go tonight. She had to go, whether or not she wanted it.第17页，共41页。7由连接代词whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever引导的让步状语

15、从句： Whoever (= no matter who) is unwilling to go, I will go. (whoever 既相当于连接词短语no matter 连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问代词who) Whomever (= no matter whom) you are dealing with, this method is no good. Whatever (= no matter what) happens, keep calm. Whatever others may say, you are certainly right. Whichever (= no ma

16、tter which) you choose, we have no objection.第18页，共41页。8由连接形容词whatever 或whichever 引导的让步状语从句，如： Whatever (= no matter what) difficulties may arise, we must and can overcome them one by one. (whatever 既相当于no matter 连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问形容词what 修饰名词difficulties。) Whichever (= no matter which) room is assigned

17、 to him, he will have no objection. Whichever method you use, the result is much the same.第19页，共41页。9由连接副词however, wherever 或whenever 引导的让步状语从句。例如： However ( = no matter how) difficult the task may be, we will fulfil it on time. ( however 既相当于 no matter 连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问副词 how 修饰 difficult。) Wherever (

18、 = no matter where) they went, they were warmly welcomed. Whenever Im unhappy, he cheers me up. The dog follows me wherever I go.第20页，共41页。注意（1）“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“都；不管都” 它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如： No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么，他都不会介意

19、的。 No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。 第21页，共41页。(2)但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如： Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I wont believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。 Ill eat whatever (no matter what) you

20、 give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。 Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。 第22页，共41页。10注意以上几种结构的省略形式： However difficult the task (may be), it will be fulfilled on time. However great the difficulties (may be), we will never retreat. Whatever the difficulties (may be), they mu

21、st and can be overcome.第23页，共41页。11由whenever, wherever 引导的从句，同时也分别是时间状语从句和地点状语从句，这里作为让步状语从句来看待，是强调它们带有no matter when, no matter where 的含义。在口语中用no matter +wh- 结构比较常见。例如：No matter when and how the invaders come, they will be wiped out clean.It is true, no matter what you may say. (可置于主句之后)第24页，共41页。原因

22、状语从句的引导词：1. Because because 表示直接原因，语气最强，because所引导的原因状语从句通常位于主句之后，because所引导的句子还常用于回答why引导的特殊疑问句。e.g: I do it because I like it.第25页，共41页。2. since/now that。通常译为“既然”，表示已知的显然的理由，语气比 because 弱，较为正式；now that，更突出事实本身。 Since 和now that 所引导的原因状语从句一般位于主句之前。第26页，共41页。e.g: 既然你比较空闲，那就帮我补习数学吧。 Since you are free

23、, come and help me with my mathematics.既然你是个男子汉，就不要做这样的事了。Now that you are a man, you must not do such a thing.第27页，共41页。3. As 引导附带说明的“双方已知的原因”，语气比since弱，较为正式，位置较为灵活（常放于主句之前）。天还在下雨，你还是乘出租车好了。As it is raining,youd better take a taxi.第28页，共41页。4. forFor 所引导的原因状语从句并非用于说明主句行为发生的直接原因，而是为了提供一些辅助性的补充说明，只能放

24、于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。e.g: 他不可能见到我，因为当时我并不在那里。He could not have seen me, for I was not there.第29页，共41页。注意：在强调句型中，强调原因状语从句时，只可用It is/was because that而不可用since 或 as引导原因状语从句。由于她妈妈病了，她没和我们一起去。It was because her mother was ill that she didnt go with us. 第30页，共41页。还有一些介词短语也可以表示原因。这类介词短语有：thanks to, as a res

25、ult of,because of, due to, owing to 等。e.g: 多亏了你的帮忙，我才通过了测验。由于战争，许多人丧失了生命。 As a result of the war,many peoples lives were lost. Thanks to your help, I passed the test.第31页，共41页。由于需求的增加，一些商品提价了。Some articles have risen in price due to the increasing demand.那班列车因天气恶劣而误点。The train was late owing to the

26、bad weather.第32页，共41页。seeing that, considering that, in that 等也可以引导原因状语从句。既然他没有经验，他就不合适这项工作。 Seeing (that) he is inexperienced, he is not fit for the work.考虑到这个时间交通很拥挤，我们只好再呆一会儿。Considering (that) the traffic is heavy this time of day, we will have to wait a little longer.第33页，共41页。我喜欢这座城市，但我更喜欢乡村，因

27、为那里有更清新的空气。I like the city, but I prefer the country in that there is fresher air.第34页，共41页。注意: 1. before 引导的从句常用句型；It is long before （过了 好久才）It is not long before(过了不久就)2. till/ until (till 一般不放在句首) 持续性动词（肯定式）+ until (直到为止)瞬间性动词（否定式）+until (直到才)强调句型；It is not untilthat I waited until/till he had fi

28、nished his work.3. since 译为 自从来since+瞬间性动词过去式，从该动作发生时第35页，共41页。4. 原因状语从句的连 because/as/since because 引导原因状语从句，说明直接原因。有时也用于推测性理由表示必然的因果关系。回答why 只能用because,在because 前可加 only， just等表示强调意义的 词或否定词not.在构成强调句型时，只能用 because从句 不能用since或 as 从句。第36页，共41页。如：2000年来没有任何人怀疑过他的观点，仅仅因为他是亚里士多德-伟大的思想家。No one questioned his idea for almost 2000 years on