[英语学习]英汉互译实践与技巧课件

1、翻译训练PROVERBS IN LATIN AMERICAN TALKProverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegantes. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting.拉美日常会话中的谚语谚语人

2、人都喜欢说，拉美日常会话中有了谚语会增色不少。从形形色色的人嘴里你都可以听到谚语这一智慧的结晶 雅至大学的教授，俗至种田的村夫，穷至讨饭的乞丐，潮至摩登的女郎。谚语简单明了，丰富多彩，常常还很尖锐。When a neighbors dismally unattractive daughter announced her engagement, lmelda remarked, You know what they say, Senora: Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid. And when her son-in-law blustered ab

3、out how he was going to get even with the boss who had docked his pay, lmelda fixed him with a cold eye and said, Little fish does not eat big fish. 听说邻居的一个长相难看的要命的女儿宣告订婚了，伊美达说，“你知道常言是怎么说的吗，夫人，罐子再丑也不愁找不到盖子。” 当他的女婿炸炸呼呼地说要找老板算账，他竟然克扣他的工钱，伊美达冷冷地看了他一眼说，“胳膊扭不过大腿。”One afternoon I heard lmelda and her daug

4、hter arguing in the kitchen. Her daughter had quarrelled with her husbands parents, and lmelda was insisting that she apologize to them. Her daughter objected. But, Mama, I just cant swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then theyre too poor. So today when they

5、 wouldnt even lend enough to pay for a new bed, all I did was say something that Ive heard you say a hundred times: If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand? 一天下午我听见伊美达在厨房教训女儿。她女儿跟公公婆婆吵了架，伊美达坚持要女儿回去跟公公婆婆道歉，可是女儿不从。“只是，妈妈，我咽不下这口气，拌蜂蜜咽都咽不下。平时他们他们说大话，真要他们用钱时却穷得不得了。所以今天向他们借钱买张新床他们都不借时，我就说了句听你说过

6、一百遍的话，“既然这么阔气，何必叫穷？既然这么穷酸，何必摆阔？”Impertinent! snorted lmelda. Have I not also taught you, What the tongue says, the neck pays for? I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. You

7、know how your mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman. She always says, What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster! “放肆！” 伊美达板起脸说，“在家里我不是教过你祸从口出吗？我不想让人指着我的脊梁骨说，我没教好自己的女儿尊重长辈。在你回去请求他们原谅之前，把身上的裤子换成裙子。你知道你的婆婆最看不惯女人穿裤子。她总是说，孵出来的时候是母鸡，就不要充公鸡！”Her daughter made one more try. But Mama, you ofte

8、n say, If the saint is annoyed, dont pray to him until he gets over it. Cant I leave it for tomorrow? No, no and no! Remember: If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast. You know, my child, you did wrong. But, A gift is the key to open the door closed against you. I have a cake in the oven that I was ma

9、king for the Senoras dinner. I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law. She will be so pleased that she may make your father-in-law pay for the bed. Remem

10、ber: One hand washes the other, but together they wash the face.她女儿还是不甘心。“妈妈你不是常说，如果菩萨生了气，就等他消了气再向他祈祷，道歉的事我明天再说不行吗？” “不行不行，绝对不行。你要记住：药不好吃更要快吃。要知道，闺女呀，是你做得不对。大门关得紧，不挡送礼人。我在烤箱里烤了一块蛋糕，本来是烤给夫人做晚餐的。晚上我给夫人说一下。现在，亲爱的，快点回去，打扮漂亮点，换上你那条粉红色的裙子。等你回来，我的蛋糕就烤好了，给你婆婆带去。说不定她一高兴，会让你公公把床钱出了。记得一句话：你敬我一尺，我敬你一丈，家庭生活才能幸福又

11、兴旺。Unit 1 IntroductionWhat Is Translation?Translation is a rendering（转化） from one language into another, i. e. , the faithful representation（再现） in one language of what is written or said in another language.什么叫翻译？翻译就是把一种语言的内容转化成另一种语言的同一内容，也就是说，翻译就是在一种语言中忠实地再现在另外一种语言中所写或者所述的内容。What Is Translation?Tr

12、anslation is a rendering（转化） from one language into another, i. e. , the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.什么叫翻译？翻译就是把一种语言的内容转化成另一种语言的同一内容，也就是说，翻译就是在一种语言中忠实地转写或者转述在另外一种语言中所写或者所述的内容。1_2_3_翻译的简略轨迹As a means of communication, translation plays an imp

13、ortant role in human civilization. In the West, literary translation (文学翻译)can be traced back to 300 BC, while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from the Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). However, not until recent centuries, especially by the end of the 19th century did system

14、atic study of translation get under way. In the past decades translation theories and activities have developed fast both at home and abroad.作为一种交流手段，翻译在人类文明发展中起着重要的作用。在西方，文学翻译可以追溯到公元前300年；而在中国，历史上有记载的翻译活动发生的更早，可以追溯到周朝（公元前1100年）。然而对翻译进行系统的研究，还只是近几个世纪，尤其是十九世纪末，才开始的事情。在过去几十年中，翻译理论和实践在国内国外发展都很快。翻译的简略轨迹

15、As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. In the West, literary translation (文学翻译)can be traced back to 300 BC, while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from the Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). However, not until recent centuries,

16、 especially by the end of the 19th century did systematic study of translation get under way. In the past decades translation theories and activities have developed fast both at home and abroad.作为一种交流手段，翻译在人类文明发展中起着重要的作用。在西方，文学翻译可以追溯到公元前300年；而在中国，历史上有记载的翻译活动发生的更早，可以追溯到周朝（公元前1100年）。然而对翻译进行系统的研究，还只是近几

17、个世纪，尤其是十九世纪末，才开始的事情。在过去几十年中，翻译理论和实践在国内国外发展都很快。1_2_3_好翻译的功用A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. If a foreign language is generally accepted as a tool of life, translation then obviously serves as a dynamic means of employing this tool. A proper and dexterous tra

18、nslation helps to promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds.翻译在现代社会的各个方面应用广泛。如果外语作为人生的一种工具已成为大众的共识的话，那么翻译显然是大力利用这种工具的一个领域。贴切而灵活的翻译能够促进不同社会文化背景的人之间的了解。好翻译的功用A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. If a foreign languag

19、e is generally accepted as a tool of life, translation then obviously serves as a dynamic means of employing this tool. A proper and dexterous translation helps to promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds.翻译在现代社会的各个方面应用广泛。如果外语作为人生的一种工具已成为大众的共识的话，那么翻译显

20、然是大力利用这种工具的一个领域。贴切而灵活的翻译能够促进不同社会文化背景的人之间的了解。1_2_3_4_不足的翻译的缺憾A misunderstanding or improper rendering of words or expressions may lead to confusion. Take the familiar word “menu” for example. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals, esp. in a restaurant

21、”, and the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear: “菜单”. However, when used in computer science, “menu” no longer carries the original meaning. Instead, the meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform”. Evidently th

22、e Chinese counterpart should be something like “选项，项目单”, It is a pity that the initial translator neglected this definition, and as a result, the Chinese translation of this very popular term of computer science fails to convey its true meaningthe translated term “菜单“ sounds incongruous with its act

23、ual content. 对单词或者词组的误解误译可能导致读者迷茫。就拿我们熟悉的menu为例。它原来的意思就是在一顿饭里面能够吃到的各种菜肴的列单，或者是可以点叫的不同盒饭的列单，尤其指在餐馆里” 。然而menu用在计算机领域的时候就失去了原义，转义为“屏幕上显示出的一组命令选项，用户可以从中选取任何一项命令让计算机执行”。显然中文中的对应词本应该是“选项，项目单”什么的。遗憾的是，最初的译者忽略了这一定义，结果使得menu这个计算机领域中普遍使用的术语的中文译名没能够传达出它真正的含义。Menu所译成的“菜单”听上去与计算机领域的实际内容很是不搭。A misunderstanding or

24、 improper rendering of words or expressions may lead to confusion. Take the familiar word “menu” for example. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals, esp. in a restaurant”, and the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear: “菜单”. However, when used in comp

25、uter science, “menu” no longer carries the original meaning. Instead, the meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform”. Evidently the Chinese counterpart should be something like “选项，项目单”, It is a pity that the in

26、itial translator neglected this definition, and as a result, the Chinese translation of this very popular term of computer science fails to convey its true meaningthe translated term “菜单“ sounds incongruous with its actual content. 1_2_3_4_5_6_7_So is the rendering of “ Renaissance” commonly known a

27、s ”文艺复兴“ in Chinese, although we know today that the movement extended far beyond literature and art circles (文艺界)，and the connotation（外延意义） of “Renaissance” is much more profound than that of the Chinese term ”文艺复兴“. The same fallacies（类似的蹩脚翻译）also occur in Chinese-English translation. For example,

28、 a popular Chinese lipstick with the trademark “芳芳” when transliterated into English as “Fangfang”, creates a hideous image（狰狞的形象） the English word “fang” happens to have two disagreeable（使人产生反感的） definitions; a. a long, sharp tooth of a dog; b. a snakes poisonous tooth. Consequently, this awkward t

29、ransliteration gave rise to a disastrous failure of overseas trade. Similar translation blunders are not unusual in social or economic activities in our country. To name a few, translating “五讲四美、三热爱“ into “five stresses, four beauties and three loves”, “抓紧施肥” into “grasp manure”, “街道妇女 into street w

30、omen, “白酒 into white wine. Had the translators had sufficient translation knowledge, such blunders would have been avoidable. So is the rendering of “ Renaissance” commonly known as ”文艺复兴“ in Chinese, although we know today that the movement extended far beyond literature and art circles (文艺界)，and t

31、he connotation（外延意义） of “Renaissance” is much more profound than that of the Chinese term ”文艺复兴“. The same fallacies（拙译）also occur in Chinese-English translation. For example, a popular Chinese lipstick with the trademark “芳芳” when transliterated into English as “Fangfang”, creates a hideous image（狰

32、狞的形象） the English word “fang” happens to have two disagreeable（使人产生反感的） definitions; a. a long, sharp tooth of a dog; b. a snakes poisonous tooth. Consequently, this awkward transliteration gave rise to a disastrous failure of overseas trade. Similar translation blunders are not unusual in social or

33、 economic activities in our country. To name a few, translating “五讲四美、三热爱“ into “five stresses, four beauties and three loves”, “抓紧施肥” into “grasp manure”, “街道妇女 into street women, “白酒 into white wine. Had the translators had sufficient translation knowledge, such blunders would have been avoidable.

34、 1_2_3_4_5_6_7_8_五讲：“讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德”；四美：“心灵美、语言美、行为美、 环境美”；三热爱：“热爱祖国、热爱社会主义、热爱中国共产党”；五讲四美三热爱the movement of “five stress, four points of beauty and three loves“ (The five stresses are: stress on decorum ,manners , hygiene, discipline and morals. The four points are: beauty of the mind ,language

35、, behavior and the environment . The three loves are: love of the motherland, socialism and the Communist Party)抓紧施肥 lose no time in fertilizer application 街道妇女 housewives of the neighborhoodI. Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation? Some people believe it is a science, others take it as

36、 an art; and yet many consider it a craft, or rather, a skill.Of these varied opinions, which one holds true for our purpose（符合我们的要求）? The answer depends on how we understand or interpret the word translation, for the very word translation itself is ambiguous, and the Chinese equivalent fanyi sounds

37、 even fuzzier. Fanyi, in Chinese, may either stand for a subject of the curriculum, a job people engage in, a piece of literary work, or the translating or interpreting work itself. Sometimes, fanyimay even refer to the translator or interpreter himself/herself.I. Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat

38、 is translation? Some people believe it is a science, others take it as an art; and yet many consider it a craft, or rather, a skill.Of these varied opinions, which one holds true for our purpose? The answer depends on how we understand or interpret the word translation, for the very word translatio

39、n itself is ambiguous, and the Chinese equivalent fanyi sounds even fuzzier. Fanyi, in Chinese, may either stand for a subject of the curriculum, a job people engage in, a piece of literary work, or the translating or interpreting work itself. Sometimes, fanyimay even refer to the translator or inte

40、rpreter himself/herself.1_2_3_4_5_6_8_9_If the word “translation” refers to a subject, namely, the study of translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to abide by; however, if it refers to some specific

41、 pieces of translation, then it is more like an art, with each piecemanifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator; whereas, if it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science,

42、 the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable. Besides, it entails a lot of practiceparticular craftsmanship（翻译水平）and skills are displayed by the touches（译笔）of different translators.If the word translation refers to a subject, namely

43、, the study of translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to abide by; however, if it refers to some specific pieces of translation, then it is more like an art, with each piecemanifesting its own charm

44、s and style in the creative hands of the translator; whereas, if it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules and principles are uni

45、versally applicable. Besides, it entails a lot of practiceparticular craftsmanship and skills are displayed by the touches of different translators.1_2_3_4_5_6_Translation covers a very broad range. In terms of languages(按语言分), it can be divided into two categories: from native languages into foreig

46、n languages and vice versa ；in terms of the mode (翻译方式), it can be divided into oral interpretation, written translation and machine translation；in terms of materials to be translated , there is translation of scientific materials. translation of literary works such as novels, stories, prose, poetry

47、, drama, etc. , translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches, etc. , and translation of practical writing (as official documents, contracts and agreements, notices, receipts, etc.); in terms of disposal（处置方式）, it can be either full-text translation (全文翻译),

48、abridged translation (摘译) or adapted translation(编译). Translation covers a very broad range. In terms of languages, it can be divided into two categories: from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa ；in terms of the mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation, written translatio

49、n and machine translation；in terms of materials to be translated , there is translation of scientific materials. translation of literary works such as novels, stories, prose, poetry, drama, etc. , translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches, etc. , and tra

50、nslation of practical writing (as official documents, contracts and agreements, notices, receipts, etc.); in terms of disposal, it can be either full-text translation (全文翻译), abridged translation (摘译) or adapted translation(编译). 1_2_3_4_II. Principles or Criteria of TranslationThe so-called principl

51、es and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasison the translator, who should follow them while translating;while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of transl

52、ation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu(严复)s “three-character guide” , which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy, namely, the principle of “信达雅” (faithfulness expressiveness and elegance ).In the past decades Mr. Yans principle of translation hasbeen generally regarded as a plumb

53、-line（准绳）for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead.II. Principles or Criteria of T

54、ranslationThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasison the translator, who should follow them while translating;while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever

55、principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu(严复)s “three-character guide” , which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy, namely, the principle of “信达雅” (faithfulness expressiveness and elegance ).In the past decades Mr. Yans principle of translation hasbe

56、en generally regarded as a plumb-line（准绳）for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead

57、.1_2_3_4_5_6_7_Three kinds of opinions are expressed on the principle of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. The first group（类）maintains the original three characters, and in the meantime, adds some new concepts（新义）to the character “雅”. According lo them, “雅” means far more than the English w

58、ord “elegance”. Apart from the traditional interpretation, it also means classicism（原汁原味）, the adherence to（紧扣）the original style and flavor. The second group, however, argues that the word “ 雅 ” is out of place （不妥）in translation. While adopting the first two characters of Mr. Yan Fus principle, it

59、 discards the character “雅” and tries to find some other new criteria instead. Noticeably（比较突出地）, there are revisions such as “信达切” (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness), “ 信达贴” (faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness), and so on. The third group of people, by casting away the three-word gu

60、ide, propose some new principles or criteria of translation of their own. Of the various popular theories two of them are most influential; spiritual conformity (神似) and sublimed adaptation (化境). The former, proposed by Fu Lei (傅雷), emphasizes the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the orig