《GRE作文教程》word版

1、GRE作文教程目 录第一章： 什么是GRE作文？第二章： 评分标准研究？第三章： 入门如何准备？第四章： “阅读式作文备考法”第五章： 满分校园“集体写作法”第六章： 满分校园“互相修改法”第七章： 满分校园GRE经典句型收集第八章： 对改笔考和改写作的分析第一章：什么是GRE作文考试GRE作文包括“观点陈述”题(“Issue”task)和“论证辨析”题(“Argument”Task)。一、Issue 45分钟的“观点陈述”题(“Issue”task)，要求考生在规定时间内就给定的论题从某一角度表明自己的观点并进行有理有据的分析论述。Present your perspective on th

2、e issue below, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views.（摆出你关于下面论点的观点，并使用相关的论证和例子证明你的观点。）例子：In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly over-rated. We need more generalists people who can provide broad perspectives. “今天，各行各业的专家数量严重过剩；我们的社会，需要更多的拥有广泛知识的通才。”专家和通才的关系，题目认为：“专家过多

3、，需要通才”。可以有的观点：1、支持“专家过多，需要通才”2、反对 “专家虽然多了，但还不够，真正有用的，还是专家。”3、都重要“不同行业，不同需要。需要一种平衡”然后，选定一个自己的观点，进行论证。一定要自圆其说。这个是issue的关键。二、Argument 30分钟的“论证辨析”题(“Argument”Task)，要求考生辨析他人对某一论点论证的逻辑问题（逻辑漏洞）。Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.例子：Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed

4、limit for vehicles traveling on the regions highways by ten miles per hour. Since that change took effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has increased by 15 percent. But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring Forestville, remained unchanged, and automobile accidents de

5、clined slightly during the same six-month period. Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the regions highways, they should campaign to reduce Forestvilles speed limit to what it was before the increase.翻译：6个月前，Forestville地区提高了本地区公路上的最高时速限制，比原先提

6、高了10公里。由于这个变化的影响，本地区车祸的数量提高了15%。但是，Elmsford地区（和Forestville地区相邻）并没有改变最高时速限制，它的车祸数量在同样的6个月里，反而有少量的减少。因此，如果Forestville市民想要减少公路上的车祸数量，他们应该想办法将本地区的最高时速限制减少到改变前的状态。分析题目：1、 找原题逻辑结构关系论据：F地区提高最高时速限制 10公里 车祸发生率增加15% E地区（和F相邻）没有提高 车祸发生率没有增加结论： F地区如果想要减少车祸，就要恢复到原来的最高时速限制。Argument 就是对上面的论证，找漏洞，然后反驳它。比如：1、现在F地区的人

7、口，是否比6个月前多？如果多，有可能是因为人口多了，导致F地区路上的车辆多了而造成事故增加，而不是由于提高限速。2、 危险的时间是否外出的情况在不同地区的不同（也许F地区的人习惯在清晨、黎明等不安全的时间驾车外出。而E地区的人不用这样做。）这些都是攻击点。大家会发现，这个题目，和以前的逻辑单题几乎一样，只是，这个要你把逻辑漏洞找出来，然后写出来，逻辑单题，是给你选项，让你选。三、GRE作文的重要性以后的GRE考试，你的作文就会和你的申请资料一起寄到你要申请的学校教授的面前。这个的重要性，不言而喻。教授需要你写论文。四、写作的步骤1、 审题，(千万要看清题目，分析透彻)2、 写提纲（在透彻审题的

8、基础上，提纲一定要科学，严防跑题，跑题了，等于白写）3、 写开头4、 写中间的论述5、 写结尾（总结归纳一下）6、 检查第二章评分标准研究21 猴哥对评分标准的研究22 ETS总体评分标准23 ETS Issue评分标准24 ETS Argument评分标准21 猴哥对评分标准的研究我们的作文，写出来，是要让ETS批改评分的。所以，我们要对评分标准进行仔细的研究，写出符合ETS标准的作文。这里，不是发挥想象力的地方。我们不能冒险。ETS对作文的评分标准，有两个。一个是总体标准，每0.5分一个档次。一个是Issue和Argument的分别的评分标准。猴哥以6分作文的标准，分析一下ets对作文的要

9、求。猴哥认为，这个要求可以分三部分内容。1、 文章内容（深刻性、完备性）2、 文章结构（条理性）3、 文章文采（准确性、多样性）具体如下：括号内为ets6分作文的要求。1、 文章内容的要求文章的内容，是审题后第一个要考虑的事情。包含有极有洞察了的，有深度的复杂观点的分析。用令人信服的逻辑推理，具有很强说服力了例子论证主要观点，支持主要观点；（Sustains extremely insightful, in-depth analysis of complex ideas; develops and supports main points with logically compelling r

10、easons and/or highly persuasive examples;）2、 文章结构中心明确，论证过程结构好；（is well focused and well organized;）3、 文章文采准确的运用语言，有效的句子变换和精确的词汇运用；非常熟练句子的结构，语法和用法，如有错误也很少。（displays excellent use of language, with effective sentence variety and precise vocabulary; demonstrates superior facility with sentence structur

11、e, grammar, usage, and mechanics with few, if any, errors.） ETS改笔考后，作文采取人工阅卷。对于一个ETS工作人员来说，每天要批改很多作文，他们不会仔细的研读每一篇文章，而是会略读你的文章中，就象我们略读GRE阅读一样。他们会寻找你的每段的主题句，然后，看看这段的是否对主题句进行了论证。因此，我们要保证上面三点的要求，力求作文内容完备、结构清楚、句式有变化。这些，在后面的“猴哥阅读式作文备考法”中，有详细描述。你的作文分数，将是两个作文的平均分。22 ETS总体评分标准Score Level DescriptionsAlthough

12、 the GRE Writing Assessment contains two discrete essay-writing tasks, a single combined score is reported because it is more reliable than either task score alone. The score reported will represent the average of the scores for the two essays.The statements below, for each score level, describe the

13、 examinees performance on the GRE Writing Assessmentthat is, the overall quality of writing demonstrated across both the Issue and the Argument tasks. Because the GRE Writing Assessment assesses analytical writing, critical thinking skills (the ability to reason, marshal evidence to develop a positi

14、on, and communicate complex ideas) weigh more heavily than the writers control of fine points of grammar or the mechanics of writing (e.g., spelling). SCORE LEVELS 6 and 5.5 Sustains extremely insightful, in-depth analysis of complex ideas; develops and supports main points with logically compelling

15、 reasons and/or highly persuasive examples; is well focused and well organized; displays excellent use of language, with effective sentence variety and precise vocabulary; demonstrates superior facility with sentence structure, grammar, usage, and mechanics with few, if any, errors. 1）5.5-6 包含有极有洞察了

16、的，有深度的复杂观点的分析。用令人信服的逻辑推理，具有很强说服力了例子论证主要观点，支持主要观点；中心明确，论证过程结构好；准确的运用语言，有效的句子变换和精确的词汇运用；非常熟练句子的结构，语法和用法，如有错误也很少.SCORE LEVELS 5 and 4.5 Provides generally insightful analysis of complex ideas; develops and supports main points with logically sound reasons and/or well-chosen examples; is generally focus

17、ed and well organized; displays fluent use of language, with generally effective sentence variety and appropriate vocabulary; demonstrates good control of sentence structure, grammar, usage, and mechanics with few, if any, errors. 2)4.5-5 提供了一个较有洞察了的对复杂观点的分析观点；用合理的逻辑推理和较好的例子论证主要的观点，支持主要论点；中心较明确，结构好；

18、运用语言流畅，有效的句子变换和合适的词汇运用；很好的掌握句子结构，语法和用法，错误较少。SCORE LEVELS 4 and 3.5 Provides competent analysis of complex ideas; develops and supports main points with relevant reasons and/or examples; is adequately organized; displays sufficient control of language to convey meaning with reasonable clarity; demons

19、trates satisfactory control of sentence structure, grammar, usage, and mechanics, but may have occasional minor errors. 3）3.5-4 对复杂的观点进行了充分的分析；用适宜的逻辑推理和例子论证和支持论点；结构合适；掌握了充分的语言表达能力，可以表达清楚逻辑推理；对句子结构语法和用法的掌握程度令人满意，但有较多的小的错误。SCORE LEVELS 3 and 2.5 Displays some competence in analytical writing skills, a

20、lthough the writing is flawed in at least one of the following ways: limited analysis, development, or organization; weak control of language, sometimes resulting in vagueness or lack of clarity; or numerous errors in sentence structure, grammar, usage, or mechanics. 4）2.5-3 有一些写作分析的能力，但作文中包含至少一处以下中

21、的错误：有限的分析和论证展开，或者是结构不很严密；语言掌握的不好，以致产生了混淆或者是缺乏明确性；有许多的句子结构，语法和句法方面的错误。SCORE LEVELS 2 and 1.5 Displays serious weaknesses in analytical writing skills. The writing is seriously flawed in at least one of the following ways: lack of analysis, development, or organization; serious and frequent problems i

22、n the use of language; or numerous intrusive errors in sentence structure, grammar, usage, or mechanicsthat is, errors that seriously interfere with meaning. 5）1.5-2 写作分析能力很弱。作文中包含至少一处以下中的错误：缺乏分析和论证展开，结构不严密；运用语言有严重的，频繁的错误；有许多的句子结构，语法和句法方面的错误，语义混淆。SCORE LEVELS 1 and .5 Displays fundamental deficienci

23、es in analytical writing skills, resulting in incoherence. The writing is fundamentally flawed in at least one of the following ways: content that is confused or mostly irrelevant to the assignments; little or no development; or severe and pervasive errorsthat is, errors that result in incoherence.

24、6）0.5-1 写作分析能力在基础上具有缺陷，只是文章不连贯；作文在基础方面的错误中包含至少一处以下的错误：包含混乱的，不相关的内容；没有论证或很少；严重的大量的错误。 SCORE LEVEL 0 The examinees performance cannot be evaluated because the responses do not address any part of the assignments, are merely attempts to copy the assignments, are in a foreign language, or display only i

25、ndecipherable text or no text whatsoever. 7）0 考生的作文不能别评估，该作文不能用上述的任何一个评分标准评分.23 ETS Issue评分标准GRE Scoring Guide:Perspective on an IssueEach Perspective on an Issue essay will be scored on a 6-point holistic scale according to the criteria below. Although the GRE Writing Assessment contains two discre

26、te essay-writing tasks, a single combined score is reported because it is more reliable than either task score alone. The score reported will represent the average of the scores for the two essays. SCORE 6 A 6 paper presents a cogent, well-articulated analysis of the complexities of the issue and co

27、nveys meaning skillfully.A typical paper in this category presents an insightful position on the issue develops the position with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically expresses ideas fluently and precisely, using e

28、ffective vocabulary and sentence variety demonstrates facility with the conventions (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) of standard written English but may have minor errors SCORE 5 A 5 paper presents a generally thoughtful, well-developed analysis of the complexities of the issue and conveys mean

29、ing clearly. A typical paper in this category presents a well-considered position on the issue develops the position with logically sound reasons and/or well-chosen examples is focused and generally well organized, connecting ideas appropriately expresses ideas clearly and well, using appropriate vo

30、cabulary and sentence variety demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English but may have minor errors SCORE 4 A 4 paper presents a competent analysis of the issue and conveys meaning adequately. A typical paper in this category presents a clear position on the issue develops

31、 the position on the issue with relevant reasons and/or examples is adequately focused and organized expresses ideas with reasonable clarity generally demonstrates control of the conventions of standard written English but may have some errorsSCORE 3 A 3 paper demonstrates some competence in its ana

32、lysis of the issue and in conveying meaning but is obviously flawed. A typical paper in this category exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: is vague or limited in presenting or developing a position on the issue is weak in the use of relevant reasons or examples is poorly focused an

33、d/or poorly organized has problems in language and sentence structure that result in a lack of clarity contains occasional major errors or frequent minor errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that can interfere with meaning SCORE 2 A 2 paper demonstrates serious weaknesses in analytical writing. A

34、typical paper in this category exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: is unclear or seriously limited in presenting or developing a position on the issue provides few, if any, relevant reasons or examples is unfocused and/or disorganized has serious problems in the use of language an

35、d sentence structure that frequently interfere with meaning contains serious errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that frequently obscure meaning SCORE 1 A 1 paper demonstrates fundamental deficiencies in analytical writing skills.A typical paper in this category exhibits one or more of the follow

36、ing characteristics: provides little or no evidence of the ability to understand and analyze the issue provides little or no evidence of the ability to develop an organized response has severe problems in language and sentence structure that persistently interfere with meaning contains pervasive err

37、ors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that result in incoherence SCORE 0Off topic, in a foreign language, merely copies the topic, consists of only keystroke characters, or is illegible, blank, or nonverbal 24 ETS Argument评分标准GRE Scoring Guide:Analyze an ArgumentEach Analyze an Argument essay will be

38、scored on a 6-point holistic scale according to the criteria below. Although the GRE Writing Assessment contains two discrete essay-writing tasks, a single combined score is reported because it is more reliable than either task score alone. The score reported will represent the average of the scores

39、 for the two essays. SCORE 6 A 6 paper presents a cogent, well-articulated critique of the argument and conveys meaning skillfully. A typical paper in this categoryclearly identifies important features of the argument and analyzes them insightfully develops ideas cogently, organizes them logically,

40、and connects them with clear transitions effectively supports the main points of the critique demonstrates control of language, including appropriate word choice and sentence variety demonstrates facility with the conventions (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) of standard written English but may

41、have minor errors SCORE 5 A 5 paper presents a generally thoughtful, well-developed critique of the argument and conveys meaning clearly. A typical paper in this category clearly identifies important features of the argument and analyzes them in a generally perceptive way develops ideas clearly, org

42、anizes them logically, and connects them with appropriate transitions sensibly supports the main points of the critique demonstrates control of language, including appropriate word choice and sentence variety demonstrates facility with the conventions of standard written English but may have minor e

43、rrors SCORE 4 A 4 paper presents a competent critique of the argument and conveys meaning adequately. A typical paper in this category identifies and analyzes important features of the argument develops and organizes ideas satisfactorily but may not connect them with transitions supports the main po

44、ints of the critique demonstrates sufficient control of language to express ideas with reasonable clarity generally demonstrates control of the conventions of standard written English but may have some errors SCORE 3 A 3 paper demonstrates some competence in its critique of the argument and in conve

45、ying meaning but is obviously flawed. A typical paper in this category exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: does not identify or analyze most of the important features of the argument, although some analysis of the argument is present mainly analyzes tangential or irrelevant matter

46、s, or reasons poorly is limited in the logical development and organization of ideas offers support of little relevance and value for points of the critique lacks clarity in expressing ideas contains occasional major errors or frequent minor errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that can interfere

47、with meaning SCORE 2 A 2 paper demonstrates serious weaknesses in analytical writing. A typical paper in this category exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: does not present a critique based on logical analysis, but may instead present the writers own views on the subject does not d

48、evelop ideas, or is disorganized and illogical provides little, if any, relevant or reasonable support has serious problems in the use of language and in sentence structure that frequently interfere with meaning contains serious errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that frequently obscure meaning

49、SCORE 1 A 1 paper demonstrates fundamental deficiencies in both analysis AND writing. A typical paper in this category exhibits more than one of the following characteristics: provides little or no evidence of the ability to understand and analyze the argument provides little or no evidence of the a

50、bility to develop an organized response has severe problems in language and sentence structure that persistently interfere with meaning contains pervasive errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that result in incoherence SCORE 0 Off topic, in a foreign language, merely copies the topic, consists of

51、only keystroke characters, or is illegible, blank, or nonverbal. 第三章 入门如何准备满分校园() gre备考笔考班论坛里面，问的最多的问题，就是：“我是新手，不知道从哪里下手？往往一句都写不出来。看到版主们写的这么好的文章，自己不知道如何开始。看到一篇论题，写什么？如何写？心理一点条理都没有。”这个，是猴哥这本书的写作重点。对于大部分中国考生来说，英语的写作，实在是太少了。我们也只在中考、高考、四级、六级、研究生等国内考试前，突击背过几篇范文，写过少数的几篇文章。看看版主们的文章。（附在本章最后），你就会发现，也有些的好的人。他

52、们为什么写的那么好呢？他们经常写，写的多了，自然就有感觉了。猴哥满分校园作文版版主scortio，已经坚持每日一篇作文40多天，她的作文，被很多g友误认为是ETS的范文。实际上，她的文章，大部分都可以达到5分的标准，很多，甚至是6分的标准。本书有大量的版主和G友的精彩作文。从上面的论述，我们可以得出一个结论：多练是写好GRE作文的一个重要途径。但是，这如前面所说，很多G友也想多练，但是，不知道如何开始。猴哥作文备考11步。1、 仔细阅读本书的第一章，对GRE作文有一个整体了解。知道要写什么。2、 仔细阅读本书的第二章的第一节，知道ETS对GRE作文的评分标准，和猴哥对三个写作重点的分析。3、

53、仔细研读本书“猴哥阅读式作文备考法”，体会这一种入门方法，仔细看猴哥使用这个方法的两个例子。这个，是入门的关键。先读ETS的6分范文，然后就知道如何写了。但是，读，就一定要读投，要对自己写作能力有大的提高。如何读，请看相关章节。4、 在掌握了“猴哥阅读式作文备考法”之后，使用本书提供的72篇ETS公布的范文，对其中的4-6分的36篇，用阅读式方法，进行复习。这个过程，4-6分的不用全练，可以先练12篇。这些文章，也是最值得背诵的。本熟这些文章，你基本上就可以写出4分的作文了。同时，可以看看少量的3-1分作文，看看为什么分数低，自己如何避免。5、 仔细阅读本书“集体写作法”一章。体会本方法的精髓

54、。然后，参加到“集体写作法”的大本营中来。你先开始可能写不出来，每天写一篇也不现实。但是，每天对于满分校园的主题，写一篇提纲，还是可以的。写提纲，是写作文的开始。6、 仔细阅读本书“互相修改法”一章。体会本方法的精髓。然后，参加到“互相修改法”大本营中来。修改别人的文章，你是从改卷者的角度阅读，你就会不由自主的变得苛刻起来。你也会发现别人的很多问题，而这些问题，如果出在自己身上，往往不容易发现，所谓“旁观者清，当局者迷”。而你的作品，也会被很多人修改。7、 同时，继续使用“猴哥阅读式作文备考法”，对“集中写作法”中，本日写的比较好的文章，进行阅读。总结出的“句型收获”的句子（参见本书“经典句型

55、收集”一章），放到满分校园“经典句型收集”论坛。和大家共享。8、 在练习了一段时间后，再回过头来，使用“猴哥阅读是作文备考法”，对ETS 72范文中的剩下的4-6分的作文，进行阅读、背诵。9、 继续参加“集体写作法” “互相修改法”，随着你写作能力的提高，你会发现，你可以写出一篇不错的文章。你的写作速度大大提高。10、 备考末期，按照时间练习，训练考试写作的时间感。11、 最后阶段，满分校园会组织作文的模考。 第四章 猴哥“阅读式作文备考法”41阅读式作文备考法概论42 Issue主题阅读法范例43 Argument 主题阅读法范例44 本方法的适用对象41阅读式作文备考法概论猴哥的“阅读式作

56、文备考法”，就是先对ETS写的范文（4-6分）的，如同精读GRE阅读一样，进行仔细的、细致的阅读，以达到以下的要求：1、 了解文章的中心思想（作者观点）2、 能够对文章的自然段进行分段（我们小学、高中时代把戏），体会文章的结构布置3、 写出每一段的段义。4、 体会每一段中的论证方法。并进行记忆。5、 将文章中比较典型的好的结构句子，进行收集。通过上面的工作，我们就可以先模仿，模仿ets的4-6分的范文。认真阅读一篇文章。我们从中间，可以学到三个方面。也就是训练要求的三个方面。这三个方面，也就是本书前面介绍的评分时的三个方面。1、 文章内容（深刻性、完备性）2、 文章结构（条理性）3、文章文采（

57、准确性、多样性）简单的背诵句子结构，是没有用的，背下来，不等于写作文的时候能用上。机械的背诵，不能理解这个句子结构、开头、结尾、联接词在什么时候使用，才算比较合理。很好的结构，如果使用的地方错了，也会成为败笔。42 Issue主题阅读法范例n our time, specialists of all kinds are highly over-rated. We need more generalists people who can provide broad perspectives. “今天，各行各业的专家数量严重过剩；我们的社会，需要更多的拥有广泛知识的通才。”专家和通才的关系，题目认

58、为：“专家过多，需要通才”。可以有的观点：1、支持“专家过多，需要通才”2、反对 “专家虽然多了，但还不够，真正有用的，还是专家。”3、都重要“不同行业，不同需要。需要一种平衡”不管哪一个观点，只要能够充分论证自己所持的观点，就是好文章。Issue 文章的写作，也要从三个方面入手：1、文章内容（完整性，观点明确，论证充足。多举例子）2、文章结构（条理性，3、文章文采（句子多样性）细读下面的ets6分范文：第一段：提出观点：随着社会的发展，需要在专家和通才中寻找一种平衡。In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to

59、 increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists. 典型开头，摆明态度。一定要有一个态度。句型收获：In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing l

60、ife complexity and psychological displacement, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists.（整句都应该背下，很有用）第二自然段： 专家是必要的。（本段中心句）Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and u