TheBritishEducationalSystem英国教育体制

1、The British Educational System英国教育体制*How long have you been educated?*Do you like your schools years?*What are still in your memory of school days?*Which stage(s) do you think is the best for you? And Why?*What kind of education/teacher you expect? Education in China 中国教育体制*学前教育（Pre-Primary Educatio

2、n） 3-5(Kindergarten/Nursery Schools )*初等教育(Primary/Elementary Education) 6-11(Compulsory Education)*中等教育(Secondary Education) age: 12-17 Junior High School初中, Senior High School高中, -Vocational High School职业高中 -Technical Secondary School中专 “第七条 实施九年制义务教育，可以分为两个阶段。第一阶段，实施初等义务教育；第二阶段，在实施初等义务教育的基础上实施初级中

3、等义务教育。（Age 6-14）”*高等教育（Higher Education） Junior College Undergraduate Education Post-Graduate Education A three-tier degree system, offering bachelors, masters, and doctorate degrees *继续教育 (Further Education and Training) Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter with each of the countrie

4、s of the United Kingdom having separate systems under separate governments. i.e. Educational System in England Educational System in Wales Educational System in N. Ireland Educational System in Scotland Educational System in EnglandThe Present Educational System *Pre-Primary Education(3-5) *Primary

5、Education(5-11) *Secondary Education(11-16) *Further Education(16-18) *Higher Education(18+) Compulsory Education(5-16)State Schools&Public SchoolsPre-Primary Education(3-5)学期教育*Institutions: Nursery Schools/Kindergartens*NOT compulsory*Be available for kids from age 3-5 through playgroups and nurse

6、ry schools (many are on a fee-paying basis).*The emphasis is on group work, creative activity and guided play. 1.State Schools (公立学校): 11-year Compulsory Education (5-16)State Primary School Secondary Education(94%)2.Public Schools/ Independent/Private Schools (独立学校/公学):Prep School Public (Independe

7、nt) School (6%)Two Systems of primary and secondary education in Britain:State(Maintained)schools:*funded by local and central governments. *Attendance:94%*co-educational day schools*comparatively new, a means of extending education to the common people.*imitating the public schools in some ways but

8、 generally inferior to them.Public schools=Independent schools:*Tuition fees; Endowments (捐赠) or donations from society (esp. alumni to their alma maters)*Attendance: 6%*Boys or Girls; usu. Boarding*originally created to provide education for the sons of the rich and aristocratic*Public schools have

9、 better teaching staff & facilities.*Students from the public schools are more promising, e.g. Eton College 伊顿公学has educated 20 Prime Ministers, 6 Chancellors of Exchequers, etc.What are the difference between the Two?*various forms of statesecondary schools*Cradles for Oxbridge and good profession,

10、 Higher social positions, etc.What are the difference between the Two? State-School Style of primary(5-11) and secondary education(11-18) in Britain: *The Features *Primary Education *Secondary Education Compulsory education begins at 5 until 16 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. (11 years in t

11、otal). The FeaturesThe importance of compulsory education(5-16)*Formal education plays a social and cultural role in socializing children (Purpose).*It signifies the development of education.*It shapes peoples social life and status.2. Education by Law *Full-time education is compulsory for all chil

12、dren aged between 5 and 16(inclusive) across England (11 years in total). *This can be provided by state schools(free-94%), independent schools (Public/Private schools), or homeschooling. 3. Curriculum *All government-run schools, state schools, follow the same National Curriculum, which was introdu

13、ced into England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a nationwide curriculum for primary and secondary state schools following the Education Reform Act 1988. The National CurriculumEnglish ScienceMathematicsPhysical Education Information & Communication Technology Music Geography Art Design & TechnologyH

14、istory Modern Foreign LanguageCitizenship Work-related Learning 4. The School Year学年 *The academic year in UK has three terms. Each term will run for seven to fourteen weeks-from September to July. School holidays are Christmas, Easter and summer vocation (July to Sep)9-12; 1-4; 5-7mon. The primary

15、/ secondary schools and further education colleges normally have a much longer term than those adopted by the Universities. *The school hours of attendance commonly: 9:0012:00; 14:0016:00Primary Education (5-11)初等教育* Pupils mainly (94%) attend state sector primary schools: compulsory-co-educational

16、or mixed schools. *The State primary institutions including: “Infants schools幼儿学校(5-7)” = First Schools “Junior schools初级学校/小学(7-11)” *Year 1 to Year 6*Theres little or no specialist subject teaching and great emphasis is on literacy and numeracy in early years. Differences Infant schoolJunior schoo

17、lstudents Co-educationSingle-sexlessonssimpleAdvancedstationarypencilpenscriptSeparate lettersJoined scriptsSecondary Education (11-18)中等教育 Secondary Education(11-16)-Year 7-Year 11State Secondary Schools（11-16） 1. Grammar Schools文法中学(3%) 2. Secondary Modern Schools现代中学or Technical schools技校 (7%) 3.

18、 Comprehensive Schools综合中学(84%) *Grammar Schools文法中学(3%) Grammar schools select children through an examination called “the 11-plus”(preparing students for higher education)-选拔优秀小学生毕业考试. What is the “11-plus”? It is an old selective system优选制, children take an examination ,called the “eleven plus” i

19、n their last year at primary school. The results of this examination determine the kind of secondary schooling each child will receive. *Those with the highest marks go to grammar schools(3%), which lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensi

20、ve schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities. *Other children may go to technical schools技校 and the rest go to secondary modern schools现 代中学.(7%)*Comprehensive Schools综合中学(84%)-Overcome the inequality of 11-plus-In the 1960s, Comprehensive schools were introduced all over the

21、country and are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today.-No entrance exam, a means of extending education to the common people-General education/non-selective and open to pupils of all abilitiesWhat is a comprehensive school like?*About 25 pupils/class*Practical Subjects: French (German

22、or Spanish), physics, chemistry, biology, economics, shorthand, drama, cooking, gardening or flower-arrangement, filming, etc. Exams Compulsory education ends at age 16. At 16, students take GCSE examination. *GCSE General Certificate of Secondary Education(普通中等教育证书/中学毕业证书) after 5 years of secondar

23、y education. *Today, letter grades are used for GCSE with A+, A, B, C, D, E, F representing a pass and G representing a fail.GCSEGrade A+/AA good result of exceptional qualityGrade B / CThe higher grades needed for further and higher educationGrade D / ERegarded as average grades-a good base from wh

24、ich to growGrade F The lower, but still useful, grades of achievementGrade GUnfortunately, no score*Further Education(16-18)延续教育 -a term mainly used in connection with education in the United Kingdom and Ireland. -Known as “Tertiary Education”第三级教育 for two years”Year 12, and 13”. -About 600 colleges

25、/schools of Further Education institution (state-run ones are free) -most of further education are provided by Colleges of Further Education, colleges of techonology, technical colleges; some are offered at universities or a six form college of a secondary school.-It is post-compulsory education, th

26、at is distinct from the education offered in universities (higher education). It may be at any level above compulsory secondary education, from basic skills training to higher vocational education.- Based on the results of the GCSE, they will decide what avenue of education they would like to follow

27、: Academic Route学业路线 Vocational Route职业路线Academic Route学业路线 It is usually chosen by some more ambitious and hardworking students preparing for a university. They will take GCE O-level (一般水平普通教育证书) exams. If they pass, they may transfer to a school of Further Education to learn GCE A-Level classes fo

28、r 2 years. At 18, they take GCE A-level examinations usually in 3(or 4) subjects. in order to go to a university or other institutions of higher education.What are A-levels exams?General Certificate of Education-Advanced “普通教育高级证书大学入学考试/高考”.For Pupils who hope to attend university carry on their aca

29、demic study.Usually taking place in a school of further Education (For example, Sixth Form school 六年级学校or tertiary college三级学校 Further Education College).Most pupils try to achieve 3 or 4 A-levels in the subjects they are most proficient at. (Stressful)Vocational Route职业路线 Other pupils who decide no

30、t to go to university may choose to sit the GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification 国家专业资格证书) for vocational training or preparing for work.Independent Style of primary(5-11) and secondary education(11-18) in Britain:In the UK private schools are confusingly called public schools! (6% of the

31、 total school population)*School Systems of Independent Schools: -Primary Education: ”Prep School” 预备学校at 7/8 -Secondary Edu.: At 13-18, Public School公学 through “Common Entrance” Exam*High tuition fees + large quantity of social endowments = affording smaller classes + better faculty (with nice sala

32、ries)*not part of the national education system.*Mainly single-sex rather than co-ed schools.*Boarding schools. Question: Who are attending such schools?The students are largely from aristocratic (贵族) and upper class families; and they are more expected to Oxbridge.BUT opponents voice doubts: Its so

33、cially divisive and breeds elitism; they are offering more promising opportunities to 6% of British children, but its unfair for the remaining 94%! The Most Well-known Public Schools:Eton College (伊顿公学) (1440 by King Henry VI)Harrow School (哈罗公学) (1571) (Byron, Churchill) Winchester College (温切斯特公学)

34、 (1394)Rugby School (拉格贝公学) (1567) (Rugby was first played here.) Eton College伊顿公学For boys ONLY!Its students are from noble and upper class families. (Prince Charles, William & Harry)So far, about 20 PMs were educated at Eton. the chief nurse of Englands statesmen No other school can claim to have s

35、ent forth such a cohort of distinguished figures to make their mark on the world. The school fee includes tuition, board & lodging, laundry, personal accident insurance, and the cost of most activities.How much is the school fee at Eton? An annual fee of about 26,490.Eton CollegeEton Pupilswith the

36、tutorHigher EducationHigher Education(18+)高等教育Formal Universities *Introduction *Categories *Entrance Procedure *Teaching Methods *Degrees and FeaturesOpen University*IntroductionAll British universities are self-governing and fee-charging. They receive financial aid through the University Grants Co

37、mmittee (高校基金委员会) from the government.Over 42% of pupils become university students on leaving school at 18.Fee-charging (on the average: 1200-3000) *Categories110 universities or institutions of Higher Education in UK (93 in England, 13 in Scotland, 2 in Wales and 2 in N. Ireland) 3 categories: -Ol

38、d universities -Redbrick universities (1800-1950s), -New universities (1960s- present). Old Universities(12th19th Centuries)Oxford and Cambridge, dating from the 12th and 13th century(Oxbridge, for man only until 19th)4 Scottish University dating from the 15th-16th: St. Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh a

39、nd Aberdeen 3 others from the 19th. Durham; London; WalesRedbrick universities (1800-1950s) The term “red brick” or “redbrick” was first coined by a professor of Spanish (Edgar Allison Peers) at the University of Liverpool to describe the civic universities市立大学 which featured with The Victoria Build

40、ing built from a distinctive red pressed brick, with terracotta赤土decorative dressings. Eg. Manchester; Sheffield; Exeter; Leeds; Birmingham; Southampton; Loverpool; Nottingham; Leicester; Bristol; Reading; Hull. Keele; Lancaster; York; East Anglia; Sussex; Newcastle; Essex; Warwick; Dundee; Kent. Un

41、iversity of Sheffield (1905)University of Birmingham (1900)New universities (1960s- present) It came to be used to refer to any of the universities founded in and after the 1960s.Anglia Ruskin University formerly Anglia Higher Education College, Anglia Polytechnic then Anglia Polytechnic理工类 Universi

42、ty Birmingham City University formerly the University of Central England in Birmingham and before that, Birmingham Polytechnic University of Brighton formerly Brighton Polytechnic Entrance ProceduresIn the third term of Year 12, students prepare their applications to university. Applications are the

43、n made in the first term of the Year 13 through one centralized organization known as UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service大学院校入学委员会 ).Students can apply to a maximum of 6 universities/institutions.Admission selection on basis of A-level results & an interview. Teaching Methods The UK e

44、ducational system encourages self-study, discussions and practical work. The students may have time-tabled classes or might be encouraged to do more of independent work for a substantial amount of time depending on the course.Most of the courses would include the following teaching methods: A. Lectu

45、res 讲座The professors dominate the lectures which serve to guide the students. The size of the class is generally large, often up to 100 students. NO prescribed textbooks but reading lists and handouts (讲稿)!B. Seminars 讨论会The seminars provide the students with a platform for sharing their views on a

46、given topic. The students are told in advance about a topic & are required to prepare a presentation on it. What is the point of attending seminars?The discussions that take place in seminars often help students understand a topic better in different perspectives and help students develop their comm

47、unication skills. C. Tutorials 导师辅导课Tutorials give you focused guidance on a particular topic once a week.The size of tutorials is quite small. (15-20)Every student has to speak in class.The students meet with the professors individually to discuss their concerns about the topic that they have under

48、taken and thus seek individual guidance. D. Independent workStudents are supposed to investigate a topic in detail and develop their own views about it. (off-campus research)This usually involves working individually or in a small group with other students to research a topic.Produce written work or

49、 make presentation for a seminar. E. Coursework 课程论文学年作业This may include essays, reports, projects, presentations or reflections. Coursework is assessed and given grades.Assessment: a combination of methodsPlagiarism 剽窃 *Plagiarism means presenting other peoples work as ones own without acknowledgin

50、g the source or referencing. *Cheating or plagiarism can result in students not being allowed to graduate. *Advice is normally given by your professors on an acceptable way and amount of referencing. (footnote/bibliography)Degrees-How long to take? BA/BSc: 3 years full-time Exceptions: Medical; Lawa

51、s 5-year undergraduate degrees. MA/MSc: 1 year full-time *Usually taking only 1 year. But it also depends: *A taught masters degree授课式的硕士课程 1 year *A research masters研究式的硕士 2years *Master by Research (M.Phil- Master of Philosophy)写研究论文取得的硕士 1-2years PhD at least 3 years original research*BA: Bachelo

52、r of Arts(文学学士)*BSc/BS: Bachelor of Science (理学学士)*PhD ( Doctor of Philosophy) is written after someones name to indicate that he has a PhD: Collins, PhD.Features of Universities1. College systemself-governing. The value of this lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of inte

53、lligence can take place.2. Three-term academic yearfrom Sep. or Oct. to June or July; three terms of 8-10 weeks; academic terms are different in each university and each year. Eg., (2011-2012) Ox”Michaelmas”(10.9-12.3)、“Hilary(1.15-3.10)”、“Trinity(4.22-6.16)”three terms Cam-“Michaelmas”(10.4-12.2)、“

54、Lent(1.17-3.16)”、“Easter(4.24-6.15)”3. Courses may be full-time, part-time or sandwich(工读交替制) 5. Students are awarded first-, second-, and third-class honours according to the results of the final examinations at the end of the third year of study or and the assessments over the period of study.High

55、er Education: Open universities函授大学、开放大学Opened in 1969 and was intended to give opportunities to adults who had been unable to take traditional higher education.It is open to everybody and does demand formal qualifications.Lectures are broadcast on television and radio, and students correspond with

56、their tutors by post.At the end, successful students are awarded a university degree.2008TIMES英国大学排名排名英文校名 中文校名 1Oxford牛津大学2Cambridge 剑桥大学 3Imperial College帝国理工学院4London School of Economics 伦敦政经学院5St Andrews 圣安德鲁斯大学6University College London 伦敦大学学院7Warwick华威大学 8Bristol布里斯托大学 9Durham杜伦大学10Kings Colle

57、ge London伦敦国王学院两校的对比长久以来，牛津大学和剑桥大学差别并不大。学校组织，建筑格式等非常类似。当然，不同之处是不必刻意就可以找到的。有人对牛津大学和剑桥大学做了分析，牛津大学会问：“What do you think？”，剑桥大学会问：“What do you know？”看来，牛津大学更注重思想，而剑桥大学更注重求知。这大概就是牛津出了29名首相，剑桥出了61个诺贝尔奖获得者的原因：即牛津大学更注重人文、社会、政治等学科；剑桥则继承了牛顿和达尔文的传统，更侧重于自然科学的教学与研究。Oxford University Oxford is one of the greatest

58、 universities in the world. It has played a distinguished part in the history of UK, and has much to contribute to the success and well-being of Britain as a civilized community in the future.QS：Oxford-HistoryLegend has it that Oxford University was founded by King Alfred in 872 to encourage educati

59、on and establish schools throughout his territory. Like a grammar school, it was just a place for teaching Latin grammar at that time. The University actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of somethin