强化段教案小结题

1、强化段教案：小结题教学内容1)2)3)4)5)介绍“summary”的定义并推测的特征介绍roductory sentence 的作用如何从 direction 中得出正确如何从 direction 中得出错误如何快速得到文章的主旨框架的特征的特征教学目标6)7)8)9)10)让学员能够理解“summary”的定义并推测的特征让学员能够理解roductory sentence 的作用让学员能从 direction 中得出正确让学员能从 direction 中得出错误让学员能快速得到文章的主旨框架的特征的特征教学材料托福 OG 和 TPO 文章中的题目教学过程如下：一、理解题目要求Directi

2、ons: Anroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passageis provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREEanswer choiSome sentent express the most important ideas in the passage.do not belong in the summary because they expressideast are not presented in the passage or are minor idea

3、s in thepassage. This question is worth 2 pos.正确选项的要求：express the most important ideashe passagehe passage or错误选项的特征：expreeast are not presentedare minor ideashe passage分值计算：选对 3 个得 2 分；选对 2 个得 1 分；选对 1 个或者都没选对得 0 分。二、文章各段主旨概括完成下列例题后，回答以下问题。1.第一段主要是介绍当如何阅读？背景，中心句的位置固定吗？如果不固定，第一段应答：可能出现在第一句，但是位置不固定，多

4、数情况需要整段阅读。2.第一段之外的其他段落告诉学员以下三点：心句的位置有以下情况ABC段首句段首句之后有转折第一句是问题而第二句才是中心3.由一二两点，文章主旨的大致位置分布是：答：第一段的整段概括及下面每一段的开头部分。例题一THE ORIGINS OF THEATER思考：如果你是作者，拿到这样一个标题，你会如何写？答：讲述戏剧是从何而来，它之前是什么样的，关注它的发展变化。Paragraph 1：In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one mustrely primarily on speculation, since ther

5、e is little concrete evidence onwhich to draw. The most widely accepted theory, chioned byanthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,envis theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The prosperceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. Duringthe early stage

6、s of its development, a societyt appear to influence or control its foodHaving little understanding of natural causes, ies aware of forsupply and well-being.tributes both desirableand undesirable occurrento supernatural orsearches for means to win the favor of these foral for, and it. Perceiving ana

7、pparent connection betn certain actions performed by the groupand the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes thoseactionso fixed ceremonies, or rituals.该段的中心是：你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是戏剧的理论，依据是：one must rely primarily on speculation和 The most widely accepted theory, chioned by

8、anthropologists inthe late nineteenemerging out of mynd early twentieth centuries, envind ritual.s theater as小结与思考：第一段话是怎样将标题加以具体化的？答：把戏剧的这个大标题具体化到了 emerging out of mynd ritual。Paragraph 2：Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual.Frequently the myths include represenives of those supernatura

9、lforcostumest the rites cerate or hope to influence. Performers may wearandmaskstorepresentthemythicalcharactersorsupernatural forhe rituals or inpanying cerations. As aes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernaturaland causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandonforor modify

10、some rites. But the mythsve grown up around the ritesmay continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even cometo be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When thisoccurs, thestep has been taken toward theater as an autonomousactivity, and thereafter entertaent and aesthetic

11、 values may graduallyreplace the former mystical and so该段的中心是：lly efficacious concerns._你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是神话围绕仪式发展而来，同时后文转折提到神话脱离仪式而继续存在。依据是：Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual.和 But themythsve grown up around the rites may continue as part of thegroups oral tradition and may eve

12、n come to be acted out underconditions divorced from these rites.注意原文中的转折。Paragraph 3：Although origin in ritual has long been the mostpopular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater cameo being. Storyling has been proed as one alternative. Under thistheory, relating and listening to

13、 stories are seen as fundamental humanpleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (at, battle, or other feat) iselaborated through the narrators pantomime and imation and.eventually through each ro该段的中心是：eing amed by a different你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是讲故事是戏剧的一种理论。依据是：it is by no means the onlytheory

14、 about how the theater cameo being. Storyling has beenproed as one alternative.Paragraph 4：A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out ofdanimiskill,t are primarily pantomimic, rhythmicalymnastic, or fromions of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performersvirtuosity, and grace a

15、re seen as motivation for elaborating theactivitieso fully realized theatrical performan.该段的中心是：你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是戏剧于舞蹈，依据是：A closely related theory sees theater asevolving out of dangymnastic, or from imit are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical orions of animal noises and sounds.Paragraph 5：In

16、 addition to exploring thesible antecedents oftheater, scholars have also theorized about the motivest led peopleto develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued afterit ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on thetheories about the human mind and basic h

17、uman needs. One, set forthby Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.,sees humans as naturallys, things, and actionsadvanced in the twentiethimiiveas taking pleasure in imiingand in seeing suchcentury, suggeststhey seek to reshimiions. Another,t humans have a gift for fantasy, through whichrealityo more

18、 satisfying formsn thoseencountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is oneform) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them,and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one toolwhereby people define and understand their world

19、or escunpleasant realities.该段的中心是：from你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是戏剧的原因，依据是：In addition to exploring thesibleantecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motivest led people to develop theater.Paragraph 6：But neither the human imiive instinct nornchantfor fantasy by itself leads to an

20、 autonomous theater. Therefore,additional explanations are needed. One nesary condition seems tobe a somewhat detached view of human problems. For exsign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vile, one, sincecomedy requires sufficient detaent to view some deviations fromn as serious threa

21、ts to the welfare oft contributes to the developmentsol norms as ridiculous ratherthe entire group. Another conditionof autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. Forexle, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essentialto their well-being and abandoned them, neverthe

22、less, they retained asparts of their oral tradition the mythsd grown up around the ritesand admired them for their artistic qualities ratherusefulness.该段的中心是：n for their religious你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是导致戏剧的其他原因，依据是：But neither the human imiiveinstinct nornchant for fantasy by itself leads to an a

23、utonomoustheater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed.The presence of theater in almost all societies is thought to haveoccurred because early storytheir stores.lers traveled to different groups tol是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第段。答：否，对应 3 段，说法不一致。Many theorists bevet theater arises when societies act

24、 outmyths to preserve sol well-being.是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第段。答：是，对应 1 段。The more sophisticated societies became, the better they couldinfluence desirable occurrenthrough ritualized theater.是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第段。答：否，对应 2 段，说法不符。Some theories of theater development focus on how theater wasused by group le

25、aders to group leaderssociety.ern other members of是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第段。答：否，无对应。Theater may have come from pleasure humans receive fromstoryling and moving rhythmically.是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第段。答：是，对应 3、4 段。The human capacities for imiion and fantasy are consideredsible reasons why societies develop thea

26、ter.是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第段。答：是，对应 5 段。例题二Deopulations of the Puget Sound思考：如果你是作者，拿到这样一个标题，你会如何写？答：分析鹿群数量的变化以及变化背后的原因。Paragraph 1：Two species of deer have been prevalenthe PugetSound area of Washington Sehe Pacific Northwest of the UnitedSes. The black-tailed deer, lowland, west-side cousin of the mul

27、e deerof eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, theColumbian white-tailed deer, in earr times was commonhe openprairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and floodplains along the lower Columbia River.该段的中心是：你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是介绍两种鹿的基本分布位置和生存状态，依据是

28、 Two species of deerhave been prevalenthe Puget Sound area of Washington SehePacific Northwest of the United Ses。Paragraph 2：Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can bepart of a deers diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass andother meadow plants, the black-tailed deer brows

29、es on huckerry, salal,dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alivehe harsher seasons ofplant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is thebuilt-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browseareas

30、in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snowon the ground, the high bushy understory is exed; also snow andwind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and otherarboreal fodder.该段的中心是：你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是介绍鹿在好天气和坏天气下的进食情况。依据是 Nearly any kind ofplant of the fo

31、rest understory can be part of a deers diet 和 But this isfair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer aliveheharsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy?注意文中的大转折。Paragraph 3：The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly sincethe entry of Europeanso Puget Sound country. The early explorersan

32、d settlers told of abundant deerhe early 1800s and yet almost inthe same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark hadexperienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and notuntil the second of December did th

33、ey kill theirelk. To keep 40y 150 elk and 20people alivet wer, they consumed approximadeer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, theexpedition decided to return east rathern facesible starvation.Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when FortVancouver became the

34、headquarters of the Hudsons Bay Company,deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottishbotanical explorer of the 1830s found a disturbing changehe animallife around the fort during the period bethis final contact with the fort in 1832. An hisvisit in 1825 andrecent Douglas biographe

35、rses: The deer which onccturesquely dotted the meadows aroundted to extermination in order to protectthe fort were gone in 1832,the crops.该段的中心是：你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是介绍鹿群数量变化的案例，依据是 The numbers of deer havefluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeanscountry.o Puget SoundParagraph 4：Reduction

36、 in numbers of game should have boded illfor their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was tobe expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, andclearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscwith roads, cities,towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of

37、deer declined still further.Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protectedsus. But for the black-tailed deer, human prere has had just theopite effect. Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewingthe nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, Say

38、st since the early 1940s, the se has had more deern at any othertimeinitshistory,thewerpopulationfluctuatingaroundapproximay 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yieldabout 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.该段的中心是：你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是鹿群数量变化的两种情况

39、及原因分析。依据是 Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times 和 Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival inlater times。注意文中的大转折。Paragraph5 ： Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequenof other human actions., the major predators ofdeer-w

40、olves, cougar, and lynx-have been grey reduced in numbers.Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types ofting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of highpopulation numbers has been the gate of the forests. Great tracts oflowland country deforested by logging, f

41、ire, or both havee idealfeeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitablebrowse, like huckerry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime gamebiologisthe Pacific Northwest, found quality of browseareas to be substantially more nutritive. The proteinhe opencontent ofshade-grown v

42、egeion, for exle, was much lowernt forplants grown in clearings.该段的中心是：你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是分析黑尾鹿数量增加的原因，依据是 The causes of this populationrebound are consequenof other human actions.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region haschangedovertime,withtheColumbianwhite-taileddeernowoutnum

43、bering other types of deer.是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第答：否，对应 1 段，说法相反。段。Deopulations naturally fluctuate, but early settlershe PugetSound environment caused an overall declinehe deopulations ofthe areas att time.是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第答：是，对应 3 段。段。he long term, black-tailed deerhe Puget Sound area havebenefitte

44、d from human activities through the elimination of their naturalpredators, and more and better food in deforested areas.是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第答：是，对应 5 段。段。Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remainsdifficult to determine accuray how many deer are living at any onetime the western United

45、Ses.是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第答：否，无对应。段。Although it was bevedt human settlement of AmericanWest would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, theopite has occurred for certaypes of deer.是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第答：是，对应 4 段。段。Wildlife biologists have long been concernedforests may create nutritiona

46、l deficiencies for deer.t the loss of是否选择该选项？（是/否）。对应原文第答：否，对应 5 段，说法不符。段。例题三Cave Art in Europe思考：如果你是作者，拿到这样一个标题，你会如何写？答：介绍欧洲艺术的特点以及特点背后的原因。Paragraph 1：The earst discovered traof art are beads andcarvings, and then paings, from sites dating back to the UpperPaleolithic period. We might expectt earl

47、y artistic efforts would becrude, but the cave paings of Spain and southern France show amarked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paings on slabs of stoneexcavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have beenpaed as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggestst paing inAfrica is as

48、old as paing in Europe. But paing may be even oldered on the walls of rocknt. The early Australians may have pashelters and cli60,000 years ago.该段的中心是：aeast 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是介绍了在欧洲所发现的一些岩洞艺术的概况：发现地，创造的年代。依据是 We might expectt early artistic efforts would

49、be crude, but thecave paings of Spain and southern Franhow a marked degree ofskill.和 Some of those slabs appear to have been paed as much as28,000 years ago, which suggestst papaing in Europe.ing in Africa is as old asParagraph 2：The researchers Peteridentified three principal locations of paUcko an

50、d Andree Rosenfeldingshe caves of westernEurope: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entran; (2) ingalleries immediay off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in theinner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of acs has beenreted bysome as a sign该段的中心是：tal-religiouivities were performed

51、there.你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是介绍了绘画存在的三个主要地点，依据是 The researchers PeterUcko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations ofpaingshe caves of western Europe。Paragraph 3：The subjects of the paings are mostly animals. Thepaings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmentaltraps. P

52、erhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Uppaleolithicmen and women bevedt the drawing of a human image couldcause death or injury, and ift weretheir bef, it might explainwhy human figures are rarely dfor the focus on animals might bected in cave art. Another explanationt these people sought to impro

53、vetheir luck atting. This theory iggested by evidence of chipshepaed figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But ifimproving theirting luck was the chief motivation for the paings,it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared.Perhaps the paings were insp

54、ired by the need to increase the supplyof animals. Cave art seems to have reachedak towardof theUppaleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.该段的中心是：你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是介绍艺术的通常是动物并提出解释，依据是：The subjectsof the paings are mostly animals.Paragraph 4 ： The particular symbolic signific

55、ance of the caveings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, bypathe results of a study conducted by researchers PatriRice and AnnPaterson. The dahey present suggestt the animals portrayed inthe cave paings were mostly the onest the paers preferred formeat and for materialch as

56、hides. For exle, wild cattle (bovines)and horses are portrayed more oftenn we would expect by chance,probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier)n otheranimals in the environment. In addition, the paings mostly portrayanimalst the paers may have feared the most because of their size,speed

57、, natural weaponch as tusks and horns, and the unpredictabilityof their behavior.t is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayedmore oftenwith the idean deer and reindeer. Thus, the paings are consistentt the art is related to the importance oftingheeconomyaccordingperiodoftoUpper Paleolithic peop

58、le. Consistent with this idea,the investigators, is the factt the art of the culturalt followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect howpeople got their food. Buthat period, when getting food no longerdepended onting large game animals (because they wereingextinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.该段的中心是：你的判断依据是那句话？请在文中勾画出来。答：中心是继续解释绘画中动物的重要意义，依据是 The particularsymbolic significance of the cave paings in southwestern France ismore explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted byresearchers P