专业英语第二

1、The Formation of Medial Terminology (continue)Medical TerminologyOne word in three forms汉语英语拉丁源希腊源体bodycorpussoma手handmanuscheir树treearbordendron金goldaurumchrysos肾kidneyrenesnephros脐navelumbilicusomphalos心heartcorcardia肠bowelintestinenteronMedical TerminologyOne word in three forms汉语英语拉丁源希腊源红red rub

2、rumerythros 血管vessel vas angeion 呼吸 breath respiration pneuma 女性woman female gyne 皮肤 skin dermacutis 细胞 cell corpuscle cytos 血液blood sanquis hemat臀：buttock, breech, rump, clunis, natis, gluteo-, pygo- Medical TerminologyPronunciation and Spelling Pronunciation:1）重音永不在最后一个音节。2）如果倒数第二音节是长音，重读在该音节上。3）如

3、果倒数第二音节是短音，重读音节则在倒数第三个音节上。4)一个医学术语一般只有一个重音，但有一个或多个次重音。Medical TerminologySpelling:1) 不发音的字母(the silent letter): 词首的p或g + 辅音字母(consonant) p. g. 常不发音e.g. ptosis 下垂 gnathitis 颌炎2) 词首的x 发z音: e.g. xanthine 黄嘌呤；但x 不在词首时仍发ks音, e.g. axilla 腋Medical TerminologySpelling:3) 有些组合形式与其代表的物体在拼写上有差异。物体名称组合形式pharynx

4、 咽pharyngeal 咽的thorax 胸thoracopathy 胸部疾病cartilage 韧带cartilaginous 韧带的femur 股骨femoral 股骨的Medical TerminologySpelling4) 缩短形式(the shortened form) e.g. appendiccectomy appendectomy 阑尾切除术 megagastr megastria 巨胃Medical TerminologySpelling5) 同音异议词(homophone) ileac回肠的 iliac髂骨的cerous似蜡的 serous血清的6)连字符的使用(hyp

5、henation)：当前缀或词根与另一个词根相连接时，该前缀或词根结尾的元音与另一个词根开始的元音相同时，常用连字符：e.g. multi-infection 多菌传染 para-appendicitis 阑尾旁炎 现有省略的趋势：microorganism微生物Anatomic Terminologybloodboneeyemouthliptonguegum 齿龈earbackneckthroatrib肋骨lungliverbladderhip膀胱髋elbow肘handthumbkneeanklefoottoehair咽喉拇指navel thighskull 锁骨 pelvis 骨盆 dia

6、phragm 隔膜 gullet 食管 duodenum 十二指肠 rectum 直肠 anus 肛门 ovary 卵巢Anatomic Terminology大腿肚脐颅骨，头盖骨 collarbone womb 子宫 Words Denoting Conceptsacheblindbreathbruisefevercoldnauseavomitstomachachediarrheathirst恶心腹泻呕吐dizzy头晕headachecoma昏迷口渴hyperglycemia insulinanabolismcatabolismpolyuriapolydipsiapolyphagiameta

7、bolismfatiguefastingWords Denoting Concepts合成代谢分解代谢多饮多食多尿禁食高血糖疲劳胰岛素asthma 哮喘 indigestiondiscomfort/disorderchronic Words Denoting Concepts不适 acceptable daily intakeacute acid value adaptive thermogenesis adequate intake all-trans retinal alpha-carotene 消化不良 antiketogenesis antioxidant bioconcentrati

8、ondietary reference intakes estimated average requirement glucose tolerance factor glycemic index hazard analysis critical control points index of nutrition quality limits for pesticide residuesWords Denoting Concepts抗生酮作用diabetesobesitydyslipidemiagastritisWords Denoting Conceptsgoutiron deficiency

9、 anemiaarteriosclerosiscoronary arteriosclerotic heart disease 骨质软化症痛风 osteomalacia冠状动脉硬化性心脏病 缺铁性贫血 动脉硬化gastric ulcer 胃溃疡 fracture 骨折 Words Denoting Conceptsgastritis 胃炎 appendicitis 盲肠炎 hepatitis 肝炎dermatitis 皮炎appendicitis 阑尾炎arthritis 关节炎bronchitis 支气管炎pneumonia 肺炎 Internal medicine: 内科General su

10、rgery：普外科Pediatrics：儿科Obstetrics：产科Gynecology：妇科Orthopedics: 骨科Dermatology：皮肤科Ophthalmology：眼科Dentistry：牙科Anesthesiology：麻醉科Cardiology ：心胀病科Pneumology：肺病学Gastroenterology ：肠胃病学Words Denoting ConceptsPathology： 病理学Microbiology:微生物学Biochemistry:生物化学Anatomy:解剖学Physiology:生理学Psychiatry:精神病学Radiology:放射学

11、ENT (ear, nose, throat) 耳鼻喉科Hematology:血液学Urology:泌尿科学Nephrology:肾脏病学Neurology:神经病学Words Denoting Conceptspsychology心理学anorexia厌食症colon结肠coma昏迷diagnosis 诊断dyspeptic消化不良的glaucoma青光眼metastasis转移necrosis坏死pandemic大范围流行的paralysis麻痹leukemia 白血病Words Originated from Greekabscess脓肿autopsy解剖aorta主动脉acutebac

12、teriacellhydrophobia狂犬病cortex皮质dystrophy营养不良clinicinflamemedicinemuscletumorplacebopanacea万能药prognosis预后obstetrics产科学Words Originated from Latinhospitalfaintdoctordiseasebenign良性的mortuary停尸间jaundice黄疸embolism栓塞anatomyarteryambulanceantibioticchroniclymphsurgeonpathologymalaise抑郁palpitation心悸prostate

13、前列腺rehabilitation康复Words Borrowed from Frenchaspiringenebiologychemotherapy化学疗法genome基因组neuron神经元chromosome染色体leukemia白血病barbiturate巴比妥酸盐psychoanalysis心理分析schizophrenia精神分裂症testosterone睾酮Words Borrowed from Germaninfluenza 流感malaria 疟疾quarantine 检疫Words Borrowed from Italianmosquito 蚊子quinine 奎宁Word

14、s Borrowed from SpanishPlural nouns of medical terminology1. Medical terms frequently have the foreign plural forms. e.g. bacillus-bacilli 杆菌larva-larvae 幼虫ovum-ova 卵pollex-pollices 拇指phenomenon-phenomena现象Plural nouns of medical terminology2. Some terms have only the regular English plural forms. e

15、.g. virus-viruses 病毒chrysanthemum-chrysanthemums 菊花Plural nouns of medical terminology3.Some words have both foreign plural and its regular English plural. e.g. fungus-fungi-funguses 真菌vertebra-vertebrae-vertebras脊柱 Plural nouns of medical terminology4. Some foreign plurals have different meaning wi

16、th their regular English plurals.antennas天线antennae触角Plural nouns of medical terminology5. The end letter of some words will be changed when turning into plurals. e.g.phalanx-phalanges 指（趾）骨faux-fauces 咽门epididymis-epididymides 附睾 cell （电池细胞） tissue（薄绸组织）organ（风琴器官） delivery（投递分娩）digest（汇编消化） sign (

17、记号体征)tenderness（温柔触痛）The same vocabulary have different meanings in medical English and public English Description of pathological changshape：Round, oval, ovoid, tubular, lobulated, spherical圆形，卵圆形，管状的，分叶的,球形irregular configuration形态不规则bulging凸出的nature：cystic, solid , complex囊性，实性，混合性Description of

18、pathological changtexture：homogeneous均匀的Heterogeneous/inhomogeneous不均匀的界限清楚具有明显边缘的well-defined /well circumscribedsharply delineated borders /sharply marginatedborder：界限不清楚边界不规则外形光滑 有囊包着的 ill-defined/ poor-defined / unsharp borders/irregular bordersmooth contourencapsulatedborder：Section two Transla

19、tion of English documents 英语语法是翻译的保证误译 在控制疟疾中，我们认为它对消灭蚊子极为重要。正译 我们认为消灭蚊子对控制疟疾极为重要。说明 上句中的代词it在语法上起形式宾语的作用，它代替作真实宾语的不定式to eliminate it 与形容词most effective（宾语补足语）一起构成复合宾语。形式宾语it一般不需译出，误译中把it译为“它”属指代不明，主要是由于不了解it的语法功能所致。1.In controlling malaria we consider it most effective to eliminate mosquitoes.误译 如果

20、它不是为了你的忠告，他就会停止治疗了。正译 要不是你的忠告，他早就停止治疗了。说明 上句中的would have stopped 和if it had not been for为（与过去情况相反的）虚拟条件句，误译主要是没有掌握这一语法知识。英语语法是翻译的保证2. He would have stopped his medication, if it had not been for your advice.英语语法是翻译的保证 3.A woman with child came to the hospital to seek medical help.误译 一个带着孩子的妇女到医院就诊。正

21、译 一位孕妇到医院就诊。说明 with child义为“怀着胎儿”，with a child才是“带着孩子”。英语语法是翻译的保证4. The complaints of the patient did not answer to the proper manifestations of the disease.误译 病人的主诉没有回答此病的适当表现。正译 病人的主诉不符合此病的应有的表现。说明 answer作“回答”解一般为及物动词，直接宾语，answer to应作“符合”、“适合”解。英语语法是翻译的保证5. It is time that the doctors began to mak

22、e ward rounds.误译这是过去医生们查房的时间。正译这该是医生们查房的时间了。说明 It is time后的定语从句要用虚拟语气，因此句中过去式动词began表示的是虚拟语气，而不是过去动作。此句相当于It is time for the doctors to make ward rounds.6.Regular flu vaccine does not seem to trick for older people, but extra-strength flu shots may give them the boost they need to avoid influenza.英语

23、语法是翻译的保证误译 常规的流感疫苗对老年人似乎不能达到预期的效果, 但注射强力流感疫苗却可向他们提供他们需要避免流感的帮助。正译 常规的流感疫苗对老年人似乎不能达到预期的效果, 但注射强力流感疫苗却有助于使老年人免得流感。说明 这句是既有并列关系又有主从关系的复合句，but连接的两个并列句中，后一句带有定语从句they need（省略关系代词that），修饰名词boost，而不定式短语to avoid influenza修饰谓语作目的状语用，不属于定语从句。误译句主要对原文句末部分理解有误。 减少洋腔洋调1. Illness prevented him from going there.原译

24、 疾病妨碍他去那里。改译 他因病未去那里。说明 原译不符合汉语的表达习惯，主要因为译者硬按原文语法结构来翻译。此句的关键是应将原文中的宾语him译成汉语中的主语“他”。减少洋腔洋调2.Amino acids are, as the name suggests, compounds with the properties of both acids and amines.原译 正如它的名称所表示的，氨基酸是具有酸和氨基性质的化合物。改译 顾名思义，氨基酸是具有酸和氨基性质的化合物。说明 原译“正如它的名称所表示的”带有洋腔，用汉语“顾名思义”来表达简明又贴切。另外，汉语中代词“它”不能用于所代表

25、的名词之前，因此原译不符合汉语行文习惯。减少洋腔洋调3.That the adrenal glands play some part in the disease process is suggested by the therapeutic benefit in regard to pain and stiffness in joints which follows treatment by cortisone,原译 肾上腺参与本病过程被使用可的松治疗后关节疼痛和强直得到改善这一事实所提示。改译 用可的松治疗后，关节疼痛和强直得到改善，这就提示肾上腺参与本病的过程。说明 本句语法上为主从复合

26、句，主句结构是 is suggested by ，前为that引导的主语从句，后有which引导的宾语从句（修饰名词benefit）。虽然原译是按这一语法结构所译, 但如前所述不敢突破原文语法结构，一味按英语格式硬译，反而使译文读来拗口，意思不明，改译后的译文根据汉语习惯事理先后，重组句子结构，通顺明了。 避免主语残缺 1. Next morning when the doctor was making his daily round he saw that a new attack was beginning.误译 次日早晨，当医生查房时，发现病人的病又发作了。正译 次日早晨查房时，医生发现

27、病人的病又开始发作了。避免主语残缺 2. In regard to the operation tomorrow, it is postponed. 误译 关于明天的手术已经推迟。 正译 明天的手术已经推迟。避免主语残缺 3. Carcinoma of the male urethra, if discovered early, is a curable one.误译 如果男性尿道癌发现得早，是一种可以治愈的癌症。正译 如果男性尿道癌发现得早，它是一种可以治愈的癌症。协调主谓关系 1. The appetite generally remains good, but fear of the p

28、ain may prevent adequate intake with loss of weight.误译 食欲一般尚好，但由于惧怕疼痛，有碍进足量的食物，而造成体重减轻。正译 食欲一般尚好，但由于患者惧怕疼痛，不能摄入足量的食物，以致体重减轻。 2. The doctor is examining which ear causes the patient hearing trouble.误译医生正在检查哪个耳朵使病人听觉困难。正译医生正在检查病人的哪个耳朵听力减退。协调主谓关系 3. Patients who suffer from disease of the coronary arte

29、ries present with a wide variety of symptoms of every grade of severity.误译 患有冠状动脉疾病的病人以多种多样和不同程度的症状而出现。正译 冠状动脉疾病患者表现的症状差别很大，严重程度各异。协调主谓关系 修辞、逻辑和褒贬协1. If you want to know what our blood consists of, you must examine it under the microscope.误译 如果要知道我们的血液是由什么组成的，就必须在显微镜下观察它。正译 如果要知道血液的成分，就必须用显微镜观察它。说明

30、under the microscope是指把血液放在显微镜下，而不是指人站在显微镜下，这里应理解为方式方法状语（表示怎样使用工具）。句中泛指的代词you和our都可不译，宾语从句what our blood consists of可译为“血液的成分”。修辞、逻辑和褒贬协2. The article reviews the medical literature and describes two children with aspirin hepatitis.误译文章回顾了医学文献并报告两例阿司匹林肝炎的儿童。正译文章回顾了有关医学文献并报告两例儿童阿司匹林肝炎。说明 “报告两例儿童”逻辑上欠

31、通，应该说“报告两例肝炎”才对。修辞、逻辑和褒贬协3.As already discussed, bactericidal, if present at all, is usually a rather steady and continuous process. 误译 已如所述，一旦菌血症发生，其病程通常稳定而持久。正译 已如所述，一旦菌血症发生，其病程通常顽固而持久。恰当使用习语和成语1. He soon found that the old medical books were full of errors. 原译 不久他发现旧的医学书充满了错误。 改译 不久他发现旧的医学书错误百出。

32、2. A doctors duty is to make every effort to save the dying and the help the wounded. 原译 医生的任务就是尽一切力量挽救垂死者和帮助受伤者。 改译 医生的任务就是尽一切力量救死扶伤。 恰当使用习语和成语3.With mild symptoms oxygen therapy may be more trouble than it is worth.原译 有轻微症状时，氧疗可能是麻烦多于值得。改译 症状轻微时，氧疗可能弊多利少（得不偿失）。恰当使用习语和成语4. The patient was no more t

33、han skin and bone and was partly paralyzed.原译 那病人只剩皮和骨头了，并部分瘫痪。改译 患者皮包骨头（或骨瘦如柴），并部分瘫痪。恰当使用习语和成语5. Comparatively rare in Britain, tetanus is still a common disease and in some parts of the world it is one of chief, if not chief, killing bacterial disease. 原译 破伤风在英国虽然比较罕见，但仍属常见病，在世界某些地区，破伤风的死亡率在致命的细菌性疾病中即使不是首屈一指也是名列前茅。 改译 破伤风在英国虽然比较罕见，但仍属常见病，在世界某些地区，破伤风的死亡率之高在致命的细菌性疾病中是数一数二的。恰当使用习语和成语Make the patients illness cost him as little as possible. Of what use to save his life when you take away the means of maintenance?尽可能降低患者治病的费用，如果耗尽了病人维持生活的手段，挽救他的生命还有什么用处呢？段落翻译8/5/202259段落翻译Desp