环境工程微生物学 绪论

1、环境工程微生物学Environmental Engineering Microbiology孙贤波办公室：实验8楼403室64252395课程的重要性环境工程专业的基础课程应用广泛考核方法平时成绩20%考试成绩80%平时成绩中50%为平时考勤，50%为平时提问成绩教学方式课堂教学实验教学录像参考书目美Raina M. Maier, Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba著，张甲耀，宋碧玉，郑连爽等译. 环境微生物学. 北京：科学出版社，2004Bruce E. Rittman，Perry L. McCarty. 环境生物技术：原理与应用. 北京：清华大学出版社，2002

2、周德庆编. 微生物学教程. 北京：高等教育出版社，2002 Introduction of MicrobiologyWhat is Microbiology? The study of microorganisms, a large and diverse group of organisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters.The Purpose of Environmental Engineering MicrobiologyHow microorganisms are classified(taxonomy).What they l

3、ook like (morphology).How they reproduced so that their functions can be maintained.The biochemical reactions that they mediate (metabolism)The major divisions among microorganisms based upon their function in the environment (trophic group)How information about structure and function of organisms i

4、s transmitted and changed (genetics)An aspect of great importance in environmental biotechnology, that is microbial ecology, or the interactions among organisms and their environment.学 科微生物研究内容空气微生物学气体微粒中病原体和其它微生物的收集和测定农业、土壤微生学生物控制、固氮、营养循环生物地理化学碳与矿物质的循环、酸性矿液的控制、固氮流失的控制生物修复有机污染物的降解，污染土壤和水环境中无机污染物固定和去

5、除生物技术生物环境中病原体或其它微生物探测，环境中微生物活性的测定，基因工程食品质量病原体的监测，病原体的去除资源生产乙醇、单细胞蛋白的生产等资源回收微生物介导的石油和金属回收废水处理废弃物降解，病原体的消减水质有机与无机污染物的去除，病原体的测定，病原体的消除表1 环境微生物的研究范畴Taxonomy（分类学）传统分类学分类单元又称分类单位、分类阶元或分类群。种以上的系统分类单元自上而下可依次分成7级：界Kingdom（拉：Regnum）门Phylum（拉：Phylum）或Division（拉：Divisio）纲Class（拉：Classis）目Order（拉：Ordo）科Family（拉：

6、Familia）属Genus（拉：Genus）种Species（拉：Species）Three Domains Theory（三域学说）What are Microorganisms?Virus (病毒） Non-cell microbesBacteria (细菌） Archaea (古细菌）Algae (藻类）Fungi (真菌:酵母、霉菌）Protozoa (原生动物）Eukaryotes (真核生物）Prokaryotes(原核生物)Microorganisms are free-living cellsPlants and Animals arecomposed of many cel

7、ls, these are multicellular.Microorganisms are free-living cells.What are Prokaryotes?Prokaryotes: Bacteria(细菌) Archaea(远古细菌) Actinomycetes(放线菌)Mycoplasma(支原体)Rickettsia(立克氏体) Chlamydia(衣原体) Cyanobacteria(蓝细菌)What are Eukaryotic Microorganisms?AlgaeFungiProtozoaProkaryotic and eukatyptic cellsVirus:

8、The nomenclature of microorganism学名属名种的加词（首次命名人）现名定名人定名年份1大肠埃希氏菌（简称“大肠杆菌”） Escherichia coli（Migula）Castellani et Chalmers 1919例2枯草芽孢杆菌（简称“枯草杆菌”）Bacillus subtilis（Ehrenberg）Cohn 1872菌株(strain)同种不同来源大肠埃希氏菌的两个菌株 Escherichia coli K12(最常用的E.coli菌株；基因组已于1997年发表)E .coli O-157: H7（致病性E.coli，O与H代表其抗原特征；基因组已于

9、2001年发表）Five Common Characteristics of Microorganisms1. Small volume, large surface area2. Fast absorption and conversion3. Rapid duplication and growth4. Strong adaptability5. Widespread distribution and diversified speciesFive Common Characteristics of Microorganisms1. Small volume, large surface

10、area.Figure on the left:The size of a virus in comparison to a bacterial and animal cell.Five Common Characteristics of Microorganisms2. Fast absorption and conversionFor example:5 g/l of bacteria (cell dry weight) Azotobacter vinelandii can consumed 10 g/l of glucose to double its weight to 10 g/l

11、within less than 5 h.How about you?Five Common Characteristics of Microorganisms3. Rapid duplication and growthAn Echerische coli (大肠杆菌）cell can double itself within 15 minutes, it also means its weight increases one fold within 15 minutes. How fast can you grow?Five Common Characteristics of Microo

12、rganisms4. Strong adaptability (Adapt to extreme environment, such as high salt concentration, high temperature, antibiotic resistant)Five Common Characteristics of Microorganisms5. Widespread distribution and diversified speciesPopulations, communities and ecosystemsAn ecosystemconsists of manycomm

13、unities. A community consists of manypopulations.A population is composed ofcells generally derived from a single parent cell.Important Persons in Microbiology History1684 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (discovery of bacteria)1857-1864 Louis Pasteur (lactic acid fermentation, yeast alcohol fermentation, sp

14、ontaneous generation theory)1881-1884 Robert Koch (pure culture, cause of tuberculosis, Kochs postulates, cause of (霍乱) cholera）1889 Martinus Beijerinck (concept of a virus)1929 Alexander Fleming (discovery of penicilin)1953 James Watson, Francis Crick (DNA structure)1983 Luc Montagnier (discovery of HIV)Microorganisms as cellsAll cells contain