中药与方剂翻译解析课件

1、中药与方剂名的翻译Translation of TCM Herbs and FormulaJeanelle第1页，共35页。1 方药常用术语方剂prescription, recipe, formula方剂学Prescriptionology science for studying prescriptions第2页，共35页。七方是方剂分类的合称。指七种组成不同的方剂。见伤寒明理论。即大、小、急、缓、奇、偶、复等七方。详各条。素问至真要大论：“治有缓急，方有大小”，“君一臣二，奇之制也；君二臣四，偶之制也”，“奇之不去则偶之，是谓重方。”至金代成无己才将其总结为七方。 七方说明处方立法，应按

2、照病情缓急，病位上下，适当配伍药物，并斟酌剂量等，作为制方依据，逐渐演变而成七方。即大、小方，缓、急方；奇、偶方或复方。一般指处方中药味多或量大者为大方，反之为小方；用药和缓，或长期服用的方剂为缓方，反之为急方，单味药或奇数药的为奇方，反之为偶方；数方组合的方剂为复方第3页，共35页。1 方药常用术语与方剂有关的术语大方grandiose prescriptionsheavy prescription /patent prescription (L)major formula (W)小方minor prescriptionssmall prescription /light prescript

3、ionminor formula緩方mild prescriptiongentle formula急方prescription for emergency /urgent prescriptionurgent formula單方single-drug prescription /simple prescriptionsimple formula複方complex prescription /composite prescriptioncompound formula第4页，共35页。1 方药常用术语与方剂有关的术语 (续)奇方odd-numbered prescriptionodd-numbe

4、r formula偶方even prescriptioneven-number formula經方classical prescriptionclassical remedy時方nonclassical prescription post-antique formula輕方light prescriptionlight formula第5页，共35页。1 方药常用术语与方剂有关的术语 (续)宣剂dispersing prescription燥剂dry prescription泻剂purgative prescription湿剂moistening prescription重剂heavy pre

5、scription寒剂cold prescription滑剂lubricating prescription热剂heat prescription补剂tonic prescription升剂ascending prescription涩剂astringent prescription降剂descending prescription第6页，共35页。1 方药常用术语剂型 prescription types1. 汤剂 (decoction)2. 散剂 (powder)3. 丸剂 (bolus, pellet, pill)蜜丸honeyed bolus水丸water pellet / water

6、-paste pill糊丸paste pill濃縮丸condensed pellet第7页，共35页。1 方药常用术语剂型 prescription types (续)4. 膏剂 (extract, ointment and plaster)浸膏extract流浸膏liquid extract煎膏decocted paste软膏ointment, paste硬膏plaster5. 丹剂 (elixir, dan)6. 酒剂 (medicated wine, vinum)7. 茶剂 (medicated tea)8. 药露 (distilled medicinal water / medicin

7、al dew)第8页，共35页。1 方药常用术语剂型 prescription types (续)9. 錠剂、餅剂 (lozenge, pastille, troche and medicated cake)10. 片剂 (tablet)11. 糖漿剂 (syrup)12. 沖剂 (granule, infusion)13. 灸剂 (moxa)14. 針剂 (injection)15. 栓剂 (suppository)16. 胶囊剂 (capsule)第9页，共35页。1 方药常用术语配伍 composition / combination配伍禁忌contradiction of compat

8、ibility七情 seven features/seven medicinal relations單行single application - stand-alone medicinal相須mutual promotion /reinforcement相使mutual enhancement / assistance相畏mutual restraint 相恶inhibition 相杀detoxification 相反antagonism第10页，共35页。1 方药常用术语炮制 processing漂bleaching煨toasting蒸steaming泡soaking炒frying蒸露dis

9、tillation水飛refining with water烘baking煮boiling煅charring, calcining焙mild heating淬quenching炮roasting炙frying with liquids / mix-fry熬simmering第11页，共35页。2 方剂命名与翻译2.1 以方中主要药物命名a) 以主药一味命名麻黃汤 (Ephedra Decoction)桂枝汤 (Cinnamon Twig Decoction)b) 以主药二味命名桑菊饮 (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage)银翘散 (Lonicera

10、 and Forsythia Powder)c) 以三味主药命名麻黄连翹赤小豆汤 (Ephedra, Forsythia and Rice Bean Decoction)第12页，共35页。2 方剂命名与翻译2.2 以方中全部組成药物命名a) 按組成各味药物全名命名麻黃杏仁石膏甘草汤 (麻杏石甘汤)Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice DecoctionMaxing Shigan Decoction第13页，共35页。2 方剂命名与翻译2.2 以方中全部組成药物命名b) 取組成药品中各一個字命名参桂朮甘汤Ginseng, Cinnamon T

11、wig, Bighead Atractylodes and Licorice DecoctionShengui Zhugan Decoction参苓白朮散Ginseng, Poria and Bighead Atractylodes PowderShenling Baizhu Powder第14页，共35页。2 方剂命名与翻译2.2 以方中全部組成药物命名 (续)c) 按組成药物味數命名四物汤Four Agents Decoction六味汤Six-Ingredient Decoctiond) 按組成药物味數与功效、作用結合命名四君子汤Four Gentlemen Decoction四神丸Fou

12、r Spirits Pill第15页，共35页。2 方剂命名与翻译2.3 以功效命名温脾汤Spleen Warming Decoction2.4 以方中有特殊作用的药物命名十枣汤Ten Jujubes Decoction2.5 以方中主药的別名命名鸡苏散Mint Powder第16页，共35页。2 方剂命名与翻译2.6 以方中主药物与功效或主治結合命名人參养荣丸Ginseng Construction-Nourishing Pill疏风清热汤Wind-Coursing Heat-Clearing Decoction荊防败毒散Schizonepeta and Ledebouriella Toxi

13、n-Vanquishing Powder龙胆泻肝汤Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction黃連解毒汤Coptis Toxin-Resolving DecoctionAntidotal Decoction of Coptis第17页，共35页。2 方剂命名与翻译2.7 特殊命名以服药時間命名鸡鸣散Rooster Crowing PowderCockcrow Powder以比喻命名舟車丸喻行气逐水之效Boats and Carts Pill以典故命名吳婆散吳市吹簫寄食漂母Wupo Powder第18页，共35页。2 方剂命名与翻译2.7 特殊命名 (续)以方中药物采集特點命

14、名二至丸Double Supreme Pill以方中药物入药部分命名三子养親汤Three Seeds Filial Devotion Decoction以炮制法命名十灰散Ten Cinders Powder第19页，共35页。2 方剂命名与翻译方剂翻译原则简洁原则信息原则回译原则第20页，共35页。3 方剂示例清咽利膈汤清瘟败毒饮犀角地黃汤銀花解毒汤清宮汤仙方活命饮蒼耳子散通窍活血汤桃红四物汤溫肺止流丹补中益气汤六味地黃汤金匱肾气丸第21页，共35页。3 方剂示例清咽利膈汤Throat-Clearing Diaphragm-Disinhibiting Decoction清瘟败毒饮Scourge

15、-Clearing Toxin-Vanquishing BeverageAntipyretic and Antitoxic Decoction犀角地黃汤Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia DecoctionFairy Decoction for Treating Cutaneous Infections銀花解毒汤Honeysuckle Decoction for Relieving Toxin第22页，共35页。3方剂示例清宮汤Palace-Clearing Decoction仙方活命饮Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage蒼耳子散X

16、anthium Powder通窍活血汤Orifice-Freeing Blood-Quickening Decoction桃红四物汤Peach Kernel and Carthamus Four Agents Decoction第23页，共35页。3 方剂示例溫肺止流丹Lung-Warming Nose-Drying Elixir补中益气汤Center-Supplementing Qi-Boosting DecoctionDecoction for Reinforcing Middle-Warmer and Replenishing Qi六味地黃汤Six-Ingredient Rehmanni

17、a Decoction金匱肾气丸Golden Coffer Kidney Qi Pill第24页，共35页。 以数字方式命名的中医 常用方剂名称英译的探讨第25页，共35页。一贯煎 辞源云：“一贯，即以一理贯串于事物之中。”肾藏精，肝藏血，肝肾同源，肝肾之病，同一论治。本方以脏腑制化关系的理论为遣药立法的依据。取“滋水涵木”之意，通滋肾养肝，补肝体以和肝用，而治疗肝肾阴虚肝气不舒之证，故名“一贯煎”。英译有：All-the-Way-Through Brew (Nigel Wiseman)2. An Ever Effective Decoction for Nourishing the Live

18、r and Kidney (汉英医学大辞典)3. One Linking Decoction (Giovanni Maciocia)第26页，共35页。二陈汤命名缘由：方中陈皮、半夏二药以陈久者良，故名“二陈汤”。 英译有：Two Matured Ingredients Decoction (Nigel Wiseman)Erchen Decoction (汉英医学大辞典)Two Old Decoction (Giovanni Maciocia)建议英译： Decoction of Two Long-preserved Herbs 第27页，共35页。三拗汤命名缘由：“三拗”者，乃谓方中三味药物

19、煎煮时违拗常法：麻黄不去根节，杏仁不去皮尖，甘草不用蜜炙而生用。 英译有：1. Rough and Ready Three Decoction (Nigel Wiseman) 2. Decoction of Three Crude Drugs(汉英医学大辞典) 3. Three Break Decoction(Giovanni Maciocia) 建议英译：Decoction of Three Irregularly Prepared Herbs Three Disobedience Decoction 第28页，共35页。三子养亲汤命名缘由：本方由紫苏子、白芥子、莱菔子三味药物所组成。用于老

20、人中虚喘嗽，痰壅气滞之症。有降气消食、温化痰饮之功。本方用三种果实组方，以治老人喘嗽之疾，并寓“子以养亲”之意，故名“三子养亲汤”。英译有：Decoction of Three Kinds of Seeds for the Aged (汉英医学大辞典)Three-seed the Ancestors Decoction (Giovanni Maciocia)Three Seed Filial Devotion Decoction (Nigel Wiseman) 第29页，共35页。四妙勇安汤命名缘由：本方药仅四味，功效绝妙，且量大力专，勇猛迅速，使邪袪病除，身体健康，平安无虞，故称“四妙勇安汤

21、” 英译有：1. Mysterious Four Resting Hero Decoction (Nigel Wiseman) 2. Decoction of Four Wonderful Drugs for Quick Restoration of Health (汉英医学大辞典) 建议英译：Decoction of Four Well-matched Potent Herbs for Stopping Groaning第30页，共35页。四逆散命名缘由：本方能治阳气内郁所致的四肢厥逆证；根据主治病证来命名，故名“四逆散”。英译有： 1. Counter flow Cold Powder (

22、Nigel Wiseman) 2. Powder for Treating Cold Limbs (汉英医学大辞典)3. Four Rebellious Powder (Giovanni Maciocia) 第31页，共35页。五味消毒饮命名缘由：本方由金银花、野菊花、蒲公英、紫花地丁、紫背天葵子五味药物组成，有清热、解毒、消肿之功，故命名为“五味消毒饮”。英译有：Five Ingredient Toxin Dispersing Beverage (Nigel Wiseman) Antiphlogistic Decoction of Five Drugs (汉英医学大辞典)3. Five-Ingredient Resolving Poison Decoction (Giovanni Maciocia)建议英译： Decoction of Five Herbs for Eliminating Heat Evil 第32页，共35页。五苓散命名缘由：本方由猪苓、泽泻、白朮、茯苓、桂枝诸药组成。用于外有表证，内停水饮之证。方中由五味药组成，以利水之猪苓为主，故称“五苓散”。英译有：Poria Five Powder (Nigel Wiseman) Powder of