英语写作IUnit8课件

1、2011-Simon-GDUBS 英语写作I English Writing2011-Simon-GDUBSUnit 8Joining Sentences Together (11)-SUBORDINATION2011-Simon-GDUBSUnit ObjectivesTell what subordination is and explain the similarity and the difference between coordination and subordinationLearn how to add information and achieve special emph

2、asis with subordination2011-Simon-GDUBSUnit ObjectivesLearn how to write natural and concise subordinate sentencesKnow how to avoid misplaced modifiers and dangling modifiersLearn to write short compositions2011-Simon-GDUBSIntroductionIn coordination, both sentences can still stand alone and express

3、 complete meanings. In subordination, however, only one sentence retains its independence. The other sentence can no longer exist by itself, and its meaning is no longer complete. 2011-Simon-GDUBSIntroductionFor example, we can combine Many students choose to major in computer technology and Many st

4、udents believe this major guarantees a good job in the future into one sentence: Many students choose to major in computer technology because they believe this major guarantees a good job in the future. In this sentence, because they believe this major guarantees a good job in the future cannot be u

5、sed as an independent sentence because its meaning is incomplete. 2011-Simon-GDUBSIntroductionSubordinate clauses can help writers in two ways. First, they can add more information to a sentence. For instance, I love those trees that my grandpa planted in front of our house.I love those trees. 2011-

6、Simon-GDUBSIntroductionSecond, subordinate clauses can help to achieve special emphatic effects. The idea in the main clause is usually more important than that in the subordinate clause. For example, The Internet has caused many problems that should be dealt with immediately. Many problems that the

7、 Internet has caused should be dealt with immediately. 2011-Simon-GDUBSPART I WARM-UP ACTIVITIESSuggested answers to the exercises1. Group 1:Mary likes that shop very much, and she goes there almost every week.Mary likes that shop very much, so she goes there almost every week.Mary goes there almost

8、 every week because she likes that shop very much.2011-Simon-GDUBSGroup 2: Tony is very gifted in music, but he chose to major in accounting. Although Tony is very gifted in music, he chose to major in accounting. Tony, who is very gifted in music, chose to major in accounting. Tony, who chose to ma

9、jor in accounting, is very gifted in music.2011-Simon-GDUBSPART II FOCUSSubordinationSubordination vs. coordinationSuggested answers to the exerciseC. a. Tony is very gifted in music, but he chose to major in accounting.S. b. Although Tony is very gifted in music, he chose to major in accounting.S.

10、c. Tony, who is very gifted in music, chose to major in accounting.S. d. Tony, who chose to major in accounting, is very gifted in music.2011-Simon-GDUBSSimilarity: They both combine two clauses into one sentence.Difference: The two clauses in coordinate sentences can be used independently because t

11、heir meanings are complete. However, in subordination, only one clause re-tains a complete meaning and can be used independently.2011-Simon-GDUBSReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. That kingdom was small but rich, and everybody lived happily there.In that kingdom, which was small but rich, ever

12、ybody lived happily.b. Red roses are used to symbolize love, and many people buy them on Lovers Day.As red roses are used to symbolize love, many people buy them on Lovers Day.2011-Simon-GDUBSc. Manchester United has played very well since last November, so/and many young peo-ple admire its members.

13、Many young people admire the members of Manchester United because it has played very well since last November.d. Till now only a small number of Americans have realized the American dream, but most people still hold the belief to be true.2011-Simon-GDUBS Although till now only a small number of Amer

14、icans have realized the American dream, most people still hold the belief to be true.e. He was very experienced in selling optical products, buy/yet he was turned down by that spectacles company.Though he was very experienced in selling optical products, he was turned down by that spectacles company

15、.2011-Simon-GDUBSTypes of subordinationGrammatically, sentence components fall into four broad categories: nominal, verbal, adjective and adverbial. Nominal components refer to components like subjects and objects, Which are typically the job of nouns. Verbal components refer to the predicate of sen

16、tences, and typically only verbs can be used for this purpose. 2011-Simon-GDUBSAdjective components refer to components used to modify nominal components. This encompasses a wide range of parts of speech, such as adjectives, prepositional phrases, and participles. Adverbial components refer to those

17、 used to modify verbal components, adjective components, and even other adverbial components. 2011-Simon-GDUBSNominal component: I dont believe what I see.Verbal component: The boy shouted, cried and whimpered, but the mother still said No.Adjective component: Can you show me the sweater you bought

18、last week?Adverbial component: When she came in, she found a stranger in her living room.2011-Simon-GDUBSA. Nominal clausesSuggested answers to the exercisea. I dont know (that) that man is your father.b. I dont know if/whether your father has noticed the smell of cigarette smoke in the room.c. Why

19、your father comes here is a mystery to me.2011-Simon-GDUBS2011-Simon-GDUBSReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. Many people are still ignorant that different flowers mean quite different things.b. Nobody noticed that she almost shuddered at the mention of that name.c. The flower told the little p

20、rince that it was the Only one of its species in the universe.d. That youve come to visit me is much fun.2011-Simon-GDUBSe. He hasnt decided when he should leave home to live by himself.f. The ghost asked the poor old man if he wanted anything else before he died.g. The French cannot understand why

21、some people find snails disgusting.h. That his mother has recovered from her illness is a great relief to him.2011-Simon-GDUBSB. Relative clausesSuggested answers to the exercisea. I like the boy that/who is asking his mother to buy him an ice cream.b. I like the boy (that/who/whom) you talked about

22、 in your letter.c. I like the dog that/which is chasing a cat.d. I like the dog (that/which) your aunt is holding in her arms.e. Most of the students like the teacher whose way of teaching is inspiring.2011-Simon-GDUBSf. New houses whose prices are between 2,500 to 5,000 yuan per square meter are ve

23、ry popular among house-buyers.g. I will never forget this important day on which/when I cam to this famous university.h. The old man likes to watch from his apartment the playground on which/where many kids usually play basketball.i. In his letter he explained to his father the reason why he wanted

24、to drop out of school this season.2011-Simon-GDUBSReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. that/who b. whosec. that/which/X d. that/whiche. where/in which f. that/who/whom/Xg. whose h. whyi. when/in which2011-Simon-GDUBSC. Adverbial clausesSuggested answers to the exerciseIf/Provided that/in case/As

25、suming that preparations are well made, your plan can be easily carried out. Because/Since/Considering that preparations are well made, your plan can be easily carried out. When/Whenever/As long as/While/Once preparations are well made, your plan can be easily carried out.2011-Simon-GDUBSWhere/Where

26、ver preparations are well made, your plan can be easily carried out.Unless preparations are well made, your plan cannot be easily carried out.Although/Though/Even though preparations are well made, your plan cannot be easily carried out. Whether preparations are well made or not, your plan cannot be

27、 easily carried out. Preparations are well made so that/in order that your plan can be easily carried out.2011-Simon-GDUBSReference for the Classroom Activitiesa. because b. When/Whenever/Ifc. When/If d. before/when/aftere. because/since f. When/Wheneverg. Wherever h. when/ifi. if/when j. Even thoug

28、h/Though2011-Simon-GDUBSEffective use of subordinationA. Position of the subordinate clauseWe normally put the known information at the beginning of a sentence, and the new information at the end. Similarly, we usually use although to present an unexpected outcome from a situation. When used in this

29、 sense, although should introduce the known information, and it should appear at the beginning of a sentence. 2011-Simon-GDUBSB. Simplified subordinationA subordinate clause can be simplified if its subject is the same as that of the main clause.If the predicate of the subordinate clause is be + pre

30、p. or be + participle, you can re-move the subject and the verb be.2011-Simon-GDUBSPart III GrammarMisplaced ModifiersSummary In order for modifiers not to cause confusion or sound awkward, they should be placed near the word or phrase they modify.2011-Simon-GDUBS Dangling ModifiersSome participles

31、and infinitives may be used to modify the whole sentence instead of the sentence subject, and do not have to be examined for the logical order. They include: generally speaking, judging by ., to be frank with you, to tell you the truth, etc.2011-Simon-GDUBSSuggested answers to the exercisea. Viewed

32、out of the window, the lake is breathtakingly beautiful.b. On entering the office, the boss met with many questioning eyes.e. Covered with snow, the bamboo becomes more attractive.d. To get ready for the exam, you should review every unit.2011-Simon-GDUBSSummary 1. Dangling modifiers may appear in s

33、entences that use participle verb forms or infinitives to modify the sentence subject. 2. For a sentence to be free from dangling modifiers, the present participle must take the sentence subject as its logical subject; the past participle must take the sentence subject as its logical object; the inf

34、initive must take the sentence subject as its logical subject.2011-Simon-GDUBSReference for the Classroom Activities1. a. The man who was very hungry was forced to steal a loaf of bread. b. Wearing masks, they are sweeping the floor. c. The drivers are told on the radio to drive carefully.2011-Simon

35、-GDUBS d. People dont like to buy books with hard covers in this bookstore. e. I spent almost two hours on this exercise. f. She happily deposits in her savings account the money she has earned teaching English.2011-Simon-GDUBS2. a. Checking carefully, they found a serious mistake in the design. b.

36、Having almost no money on me, I have to depend on my parents for living. c. (correct) d. Sealed in plastic, the photo can be kept for a much longer time. e. Having finished an eight-hour shift, I really need a good sleep.2011-Simon-GDUBS f. Yellowed with age, those newspaper clippings are very hard

37、(for me) to read. g. While sleeping in his bed, he was hit in the head by a stone that crashed through the windowpane. / While he was sleeping in his bed, a stone crashed through the windowpane and hit him in the head. h. To buy a good computer, you have to take many factors into consideration. i. (

38、correct)2011-Simon-GDUBSPART IV WRITINGShort Composition (I)Suggested answers to the questionsLogical sequence of the paragraphs: 2,4,3,11. Smoking should be banned in public places.2. The second paragraph sets out the problem in general.3. Paragraph four gives the writers opinion and reasons for it

39、.4. Paragraph three gives the other side of the argument.2011-Simon-GDUBS5. Paragraph one restates the problem and draws the conclusion.6. Most short compositions have an introduction with a thesis statement, which states the central idea of the composition; two or more paragraphs in the body part, where the central idea is developed in various ways; and a conclusion with a summary of the main points and/or a reworded thesis statement. 2011-Simon-GDUBSAmong al