海洋化学与生物海洋

1、Biology starts with chemistryBiological processes the levels of elements and compoundsAbundance of biota and tropic relationship chemical parameters, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrientGlobal water cycleturnover timeThe ocean has a turnover time of about 37,000 years with respect to river inflow

2、. This is how long it would take to fill the ocean if it were totally dry.Turnover times are defined as the mass in the reservoir divided by the input or removal rate. By comparison the average residence time of water in the atmosphere with respect to evaporation from the oceans and continents is on

3、ly about 10 days.Scope of Chemical Oceanography: Fundamental Questions- What are the chemical controls on biological production and food web structure of the ocean? In some ocean areas iron limits phytoplankton growth.Martin (1991) conducted experiments where he added iron to samples and showed that

4、 adding iron stimulated growth rate and also stimulated diatom production.Martin (1991) conducted experiments where he added iron to samples and showed that adding iron stimulated growth rate and also stimulated diatom production.- In what ways do biological processes control the distributions of ch

5、emicals in the ocean?Photosynthesis and respiration control the distribution of many elements in seawater.Compositions of sea water0.45 mm filterPassed Can not pass Humic acid, protein and amino acid, polysaccharide, pigments, inorganic colloids (iron hydroxide)salinityTotal amount of salts in water

6、BioavailabilityCan be utilized by cells - membranerelated to dissolved materials and particulate materialsMost particulate materials can not be efficiently utilized by phytoplankton and algae理由: large size of particulate materials can not pass through cell membrane or via the channelSpeciation and g

7、lobal hydrological cycle7 days3550 daysGlobal hydrological cycleTime-dependent eventsDissolved gasesOxygen: dissolved oxygen (DO)Surface, temperature, biological utilization and emission2.0-10 mg/L intertidal regionsVertical distribution: 50 m no variation Photosynthesis (+O2)Respiration (-O2)Primar

8、y productivityCO2 cycleCO2 (gas) CO2 (dissolved)H2O + CO2 H2CO3H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-HCO3- H+ + CO32-Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 (solid)表示法: alkalinity (A) the number of moles of hydrogen ion required to convert all anions of weak acids to their unionized form in 1 kg of waterpH and CO2CO2 cycleC cycleNutrientPhosphorus (P)Nitrogen (N)Co-variation of N and PRefield atomic rat