大学跨文化交际Unit-1-introduction

1、Intercultural Communication Understanding Cultures Cultural Metaphors 文化的比喻Presentation 2Culture is a Bridge.1Plan1. Time schedule:36 periods in one term4 periods(2周） for each unit2. Evaluation will be based on Attendance, participation and homework(20%) case studyMidterm-exam(30%) paperFinal-exam(5

2、0%)2Course expectations/tasks1. preview the text:looking up the new words and expressions before class; prepare what the teacher has asked you to do2. take an active part in class discussions and performances.3Choose and read at least one recommended textbook 1. 跨文化交际英语教程主编/许力生，上海外语教育,20042. Communi

3、cationBetweenCultures，LarryA.Samovar，外研社，2002年7月。3.跨文化交际学概论，胡文仲，外语教学与研究出版社，1999年11月4.跨文化交际学，贾玉新，上海外语教育出版社 5. 跨文化交际研究:与英美人交往指南，林大津，福建人民出版社，2008.4Case StudiesShowing ConcernFirst OfferSame language, different behaviorShowing concern6A baby boomer is a person who was born during the demographic Post-Wo

4、rld War II baby boom between the years 1946 and 1959在二战之前出生的美国人较为传统，被称为Silent Generation（沉静的一代）。二战后的美国百废待兴，很多男性从战场返乡，结婚生子，创造了美国史无前例的baby boom（婴儿潮），而在此期间出生的孩子则被称为baby boomer（婴儿潮世代）。人们将战后新生活的希望寄托在baby boomers身上，因此他们从小就受到良好的教育，长大之后在美国诸多领域挑大梁。而目前baby boomers大都面临退休，使社会养老负担加重。7而在baby boom之后，接踵而至的是baby bus

5、t（生育低谷），在baby bust这段时期出生的孩子被称为Generation X（被遗忘的一代，或X一代，20世纪60年代到70年代初出生的美国人）。这代人成长的过程，恰逢美国社会风气偏向于个人价值的体现和个人幸福的实现，因此他们身上有着不同程度的不负责任、冷漠和物质主义等特点。Generation Y（Y一代）是在Generation X之后出生的美国人，他们出生于20世纪七八十年代，伴随着计算机以及互联网的成长而成长。有人认为Y一代有着更开放的文化价值观，和新的消费方式和行为方式，而也有些人认为他们更加以自我为中心，缺乏同情心和责任感。8What is culture?Three In

6、gredients:artifacts人造物品concepts (beliefs, values, world views)behavior e.g. Whereas the money is considered an artifact, then value placed on it is a concept, the actual spending and saving of the money is behavior. The Nature of Culture Think about the following similes and metaphors, how do you th

7、ink culture is related to the references?1. Culture is like an iceberg.2. Culture is our software.3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in.4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior. 1.The Cultural Iceberg12 Culture Like an Iceberga. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs.(visible, o

8、bservable, small part)b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part )14 fine arts, literature, drama, classical music, popular music, folk dancing, games, cooking, dress(2) eye behavior, contextual conversation patterns, social interaction rate, facial expression

9、sObjective Culture 15(1) notions of modesty, conception of beauty, ideal of childrearing, relationships to animals(2) patterns of superior/subordinate relations, definition of sin, courtship practices, conception of justice, incentives to work, notions of leadership, tempo of work, group decision-ma

10、kingSubjective Culture16(3) conception of cleanliness, attitudes towards dependents, theory of disease, approaches to problem-solving, conception of status mobility, status designations based on age, sex, class, occupation, kinship, etc.(4) nature of friendship, ordering of time, concept of “self”,

11、preference for competition or cooperation, body language, notions about logic and validity, patterns of handling emotionsSubjective Culture17Cultural Iceberg1）美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰2）目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情1）谦虚观念、美的概念、子女抚养标准、与动物的关系2）上下级关系模式、罪恶的定义、求爱方式、工作的积极性、友谊的性质、 对领导的看法、工作节奏、集体决策3）整洁的概念、对依赖的态度、

12、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、 因年龄（性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等）社会地位的称谓4）朋友的意义、时间观念、 、对“个人”的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、 肢体语言、对逻辑和信度的概念、控制情感的模式182. The Cultural Software191)The basic operating system that makes us human.2)Humans around the world are physically the same, universal.3) Physical selves are the hardware.4)Home culture programs

13、 us and proves us the software.5) An infant is a potential human at birth and become a real human with culture.6)The computer stops working as a result of its incompatibility with someone elses software.Operating System203.The Cultural Fish21a.The fish notices everything except the water he is swimm

14、ing in.b.The fish takes the water for granted.c. We take everything around us for granted.Culture Like the Water a Fish Swims in22The same is true for us. Our culture is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it. We take it for granted. Fish Swimming in

15、Water234.The Culturein our Own Story245)Culture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves.a. Every cultural group has a story for understanding who they are and what the world is like.b.The story is told in their folklore arts, in politics and in intimate conversation.c. What is significant is

16、that people tell the story to show themselves and others who they are.The Culture in our Own Story25The Culture in our Own Story26Chinese Dragonspowerful; brave; all-conqueringThe Culture in our Own Story27 Western DragonFerocious; frightening; terrible The Culture in our Own Story285. The Culture U

17、nderstood by Chinese29 The Culture by Chinese a. writer or speaker shows her learning by quoting famous people from the past. b. a treasure of great works and cultural achievements3031The Analects of Confucius 32Dao Dejing33Outlaws of the Marsh34The Story of the Stone 35The Romance of Three Kingdoms

18、36Journey to the West37ThefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,isoftenreferredtoastheFatherofAmerica.6. The Culture Understood by AmericansFight for democracy and freedom38第32任总统富兰克林D罗斯福(Franklin D. Roosevelt )(1882.1.301945.4.12)，一直被视为美国历史上最伟大的总统之一，是20世纪美国最受民众期望和受爱戴的总统，也是美国历史上惟一连任4届总统的人

19、，任职长达12年,是惟一一个坐在轮椅上领导美国的总统。他是身残志坚的代表人（ 因患脊髓灰质炎，俗称：小儿麻痹）致残。,也受到世界人民的尊敬.Values: self-reliant，freedom, diversity, risk-taking and innovative39The Culture by Americans a. using an out-of-date metaphor reveals you to be out of dateb.a fast moving train, keeping up with the train40Cable News Network24小时全球

20、报道。美国政府宣传工具。在中国，民众批评CNN网站在报道2008年西藏骚乱时“采用了裁剪照片”且认为节目主持人发表不当言论Fast-food culture, cultural colonizationBasketball culture做人不能太“CNN”Bill Gates:taking risk and innovative. 41The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People(generalization)Saving Face Hardworking Formal42The attitudes by foreigners towa

21、rds Chinese PeopleInsensitive to time Tending to misunderstand Beating about the bush说话拐弯抹角43The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People Being doubtful不明确表态，含糊其辞Beating content44The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese PeopleNever kissed parents Shanzai everywhere45The attitudes by Chinese

22、 towards WesternersKiss and hug anytime and anywhere Going Dutch46The attitudes by Chinese towards WesternersBeing punctual Mind your own business Too frank47CulturesDefined48 SIMILAR? DIFFERENT? Human beings are unique but individuals who share a common culture tend to perceive and interpret the wo

23、rld similarly or differently?1. Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective“Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the

24、essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”. -Kroeber and Kluckhohn 1952年，美国学者Alfred Louis Kroeber与Clyde Kluckhohn在他们的著作文化，关于概念和定义的评述中总结了164条文化定义.上述是他们自己对文化的定义。Activity: Translation Translate Kroeber and Kluckhohns definition of culture into Chinese.

25、文化由外显和内隐的行为模式构成；这种行为模式通过象征符号而获得和传播；文化代表了人类群体的显著成就，包括它们在人造器物中的体现；文化的核心部分是传统观念，尤其是它们带来的价值观念。_ 2. Defining Culture from the Psychological Perspective culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. -Geert Hofstede Geert Hofstede

26、is an influential Dutchsocial psychologistandanthropologist.He is a well-known pioneer in his research ofcross-culturalgroups and organizations3. Defining Culture from the Sociological PerspectiveAccording to the social scientists: “Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perceptio

27、nincluding both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior”. Activity: Key wordsFind out the key words shared by the three definitions above. Write them down and try to make up your own definition of culture according to the key words.Key words: 4

28、. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective“Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.” Bates and PlogCONCLUSION: CULTURE IS A MANS SECOND NATUREA WAY OF OVERCOMING VULNERABILITYACQUI

29、RED THROUGH SOCIALIZATIONTHUS, MAN IS THE PRODUCER OF CULTURE AND THE PRODUCT OF CULTUREThe Characteristics of CultureCulture is Not Innate, it is Learned.Culture is DynamicCulture is pervasiveFacets of Culture are InterrelatedCulture is EthnocentricCulture is adaptiveWhen the children are growing i

30、n the community, their cultural education is advanced by watching social interactions, taking part in cultural activities and rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.1)Culture is learned58It is necessary to recognize that cultures are dynamic r

31、ather than static. They are constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Cultures change through three most common mechanisms: innovation, diffusion传播and acculturation文化互渗(calamity).2) Culture is subjective to change E.g. 1.Chinas policy of ref

32、orm and opening-up2. The United States entering WWII3. The atomic bombing in Japan in WWII 593. Culture Is Pervasive Like the air we breathe, culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave. 4. Culture Is IntegratedWe sometimes

33、 break down and isolate various parts of culture and talk about them as if they are separate parts. However, in reality, culture functions as an integrated whole and it is systemic. Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs,

34、language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is correct. Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, ineffective, or quaint奇怪的.5) Culture is ethnocentric62. History offers so many examples of how cultures have changed as a result of laws, shifts

35、 in values, natural disasters, wars, or calamities. More and more women work as CEOs in major companies and as officials in government instead of remaining at home looking after children. Both women and men have made adaptation to this cultural change.6) Culture is adaptive63Part II CommunicationThe

36、 definition of communication Components of communication Western Perspective of communication Eastern perspective of communication The definition of communication Western Perspective of communication In western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures e

37、mphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve ones personal goal. Eastern perspective of communication Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress : harmony, which is most notabl

38、e in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship. Picture AnalysisWhat are the components of communication reflected in the following picture?2. Components of

39、 communication A sender/source is the person who transmits a message. A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. Encoding （编码）Channel /Medium

40、（渠道）Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a message. Message （信息）Sender/Source （信息源）Decoding （解码）Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.Receiver （信息接收者）A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a mes

41、sage.Feedback （反馈）The response of a receiver to a senders message is called feedback. Noise （干扰）Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.(1)External Noise

42、Sounds that distract communicators: voices in the next room; annoying ring of someones cell phone in a meeting; etc.Other types of external noise that dont involve sound:an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar (2) Physiological Noise illnesses and disabilities(3) Psychological Noiseforces with the sen

43、der or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.(4) Semantic Noisecaused by using different languages; the use of jargon;different understanding of the message delivered; etc. Characteristics of Communication a. Communication is dynamic b. Communicatio

44、n is systematicc. Communication is symbolicd. Communication is irreversiblee. Communication is transactionalf. Communication is self-reflectiveg. Communication is contextual.a. Communication is dynamicCommunication is an ongoing activity. It is not fixed. A word or action does not stay frozen when y

45、ou communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. b. Communication is systematic （系统性的）Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system. We send and receive messages not in isolation, but in a specific setting. Setting and envi

46、ronment help determine the words and actions we generate. Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context. c. Communication is symbolic （符号性的） Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. A symbol is a wo

47、rd, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning. Peoples behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states. d. Communication is irreversible （不可逆转的） Communication is an irreversible process. We can never

48、undo what has already been done. Although we may try to qualify, negate, or somehow reduce the effects of our message, once it has been sent and received, the message itself cannot be reversed.e. Communication is transactional （交互式的）A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously se

49、nding and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations. f. Communication is self-reflective Human beings have a unique ability to think about themselves, to watch how they define the world, and to reflect on their past, present, and future. g. Communication is contextual （情境的）All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.Culture and Co