医学英语翻译与写作：Lecture 1 A General Introduction to Medical English Translation

1、医学英语翻译与写作Medical English Translation and writingLecture 1A General Introduction to Medical English TranslationA General IntroductionTranslation in ChinaMedical Translation in ChinaThe Concept of Translation The Process of TranslationThe Criteria of TranslationQualifications for Medical English Trans

2、latorsCharacteristics of Medical English and Translation Translation in ChinaEarly Translation in China The earliest translation activities in China date back to the Zhou dynasty (1100.BC). Documents of the time indicated that translation was carried out by government clerks, who were concerned prim

3、arily with the transmission of ideologies.Translation in China It was during the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 BC) that translation became a medium for the dissemination of foreign learning. Buddhism, which originated in India and was unknown outside that country for a very long time began to penetrate

4、China toward the middle of the first century. Therefore, the Buddhist scriptures which were written in Sanskrit needed to be translated into Chinese to meet the need of Chinese Buddhists. Translation in ChinaThree peaks of translation in history before the May 4th Movement (1919)The first peak: tran

5、slation of Buddhist classics: Zhi Qian 支谦 Dao An 道安 kumarajiva 鸠摩罗什 Xuan Zhang 玄奘 ZhenDi 真谛Translation in ChinaZhi Qian 支谦( Three Kingdoms periods)He put forward his norms that the translator of Buddhist classics should “follow the original intention of the author wihout any embroidery”.（因循本旨，不加文饰）法

6、句经序Translation in ChinaDao An 道安（Eastern Jin Dynasty）He suggested that a translator should “translate according to the original without any addition and deduction”.（案本而传， 不令有损言游字）Literal translationTranslation in Chinakumarajiva 鸠摩罗什 (350-410)He emphasized the accuracy of translation. Therefore, he

7、applied a free translation approach to transfer the true essence of the Sanskrit Sutras. He was the first person in the history of translation in China to suggest that translators should sign their names to the translated works. Free translationTranslation in ChinaXuan Zhang 玄奘 (600-664)He tried man

8、y translation methods and developed his epoch-making criteria that translation “must be truthful and intelligible to the populace”.（ 既需求真，又需喻俗）西游记Journey to the WestTranslation in ChinaZhenDi 真谛（499569） 南朝梁、陈时期来华的梵僧，在中国佛教史 上他与鸠摩罗什( 344 413 )、玄奘（602 664）、义净（700711）（另有一说为不 空（743774），并称为四大译师而名垂 不朽。Tran

9、slation in ChinaThe second peak: translation of books on science and technology (Late Ming /Early Qing Dynasty) At the end of Qing Dynasty, foreign missionaries came into China and carried out their policy of mission through spreading of science. A host of books were translated under the cooperation

10、 between missionary doctors and Chinese doctors as well as other EST translators. Translation in China利玛窦(1552-1610)，意大利的天 主教耶稣会传教士，学者。明朝万历年间来到中国居住。其原名中文直译为玛提欧利奇 (Matteo Ricci)，利玛窦是他的中文名字，号西泰，又号清泰、西江。王应麟 所撰利子碑记上说：“万历庚 辰有泰西儒士利玛窦，号西泰，友 辈数人，航海九万里，观光中国。”Translation in China徐光启（15621633）明朝末年学者，思想家、 政治家、中

11、西文化交流的先驱之一。 几何原本 Euclids Elements of Geometry测量法义 中文版几何原本中的插图： 利玛窦和徐光启Translation in ChinaThe third peak: Translation of Western ClassicsThe Opium War(18401842）and signing of the first unequal Treaty of Nanjing ushered in the third peak of translation activity in China history, lasting from the mid

12、19th century to the eve of May 4th Movement, with emphasis on western works of social sciences and literature.Translation in ChinaLin Zexu（林则徐）（17851850）Published in 1836, Gazetteer of the Four Continents（四洲志） originating from Cyclopaediaof Geography by the British Scholar Murry Hugh was the first t

13、ranslated work introducing western geography systematically in China.Translation in ChinaLin Shu（林纾）（18521924）He made available to Chinese readers 184 works of western literature, even though he himself had no first-hand knowledge of any foreign language.La Dame aux CameliasUncle Tom CabinOld Curios

14、ity ShopDavid CopperfieldOliver TwistTranslation in ChinaYan Fu（严复）（18531921） The 1898 translation of Thomas Henry Huxleys（ 赫胥黎）Evolution and ethics （天演论） established his reputation throughout the country, in which he rendered “natural selection and survival of the fittest” into “物竟天择， 适者生存”, a wide

15、ly quoted saying coming down to this day.Translation in ChinaIn the preface to the translated Evolution and ethics , Yan Fu set down the triple translation criteria, namely, “faithfulness”（信）, “ expressiveness”（达），and “elegance”（雅）, with which he opened new chapter in the translation history of Chin

16、a.Translation in ChinaTranslation in contemporary China 鲁迅（1881 1936）郭沫若（1892 1978）林语堂（1895 1976）矛盾（1896 1981）Translation in ChinaTranslation in contemporary China 郑振铎（ 18981958）瞿秋白（1899 1935）傅雷（1908 1966）王佐良（1916 1995）Medicl Translation in ChinaThe earliest record of medical translation is that of

17、introduction of ancient Indian medicine accompanied with Buddhist Scriptures（佛经） in Eastern Han Dynasty, which was of worthy influence on Chinese traditional medicine. Medical Translation in ChinaIntroduction of medicine from the Western Regions(the Northern and Southern Dynasty): mainly through tra

18、nslation of Buddhist Scriptures (phase 1)Introduction of western medicine (the Ming and Qing Dynasties): mainly through medical literature translation (phase 2)Unification of Medical terms: contributions of western missionaries and Chinese scholars (phase 3)The Concept of Translation 翻译就是把窗户打开，让光线进入

19、房间；翻译 就是把贝壳撬开，我们便于品尝里面的肉核； 翻译就是撩开窗帘，我们便能窥见里面最圣洁 的地方；翻译就是打开井盖，我们便可以获得 水源。 Translator of King James Version of Bible (圣经钦定本)The Concept of Translation 翻译家应被看作是忙碌的媒人。他对一位还半 遮着面的美人大加赞赏，说她真值得我们倾心。 媒人就这样激起了我们对这位美人的爱慕，一 定要对她本来的长相看个究竟。 歌德The Concept of Translation Translation consists in reproducing in the

20、receptor/target language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Eugene Nida ( American translation theorist)The Concept of TranslationTranslating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original

21、 flavor.Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).The Concept of TranslationTo translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can.(Translating) is rendering the meaning of a tex

22、t into another language in the way the author intended the text.Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background.The Concept of TranslationTranslation is a kind of linguistic activity, which can express the ideas of the first la

23、nguage accurately and completely with the second languageTranslation is both an art and a science.The process of translationAuthor of the source textSource textTranslatorTarget textReaders of the target textThe process of translationComprehension 理解Representation 表达Proofreading 核校Finalization 定稿Noth

24、ing can be accomplished without norms or standardsThe Criteria of TranslationThe Criteria of TranslationYan fu (严复）： Faithfulness/ Accuracy Expressiveness/Smoothness Elegance/Popularity Today we still think highly of what Yan Fu said and follow the criteria. The Criteria of Translation 他之所谓“信”是指为读者准

25、确传达原作的内 容，“达”指尽量运用他们所习见的表达方式， “雅”是指通过艺术地再现和加强原作的风格 特色来 吸引他们。 王佐良The Criteria of TranslationOn the Criteria of EST translation, Liang Qichao （梁启超） proposed that “translating lies in profound knowledge of specialty” , that is to say, EST translation must take the correctness in scientific meanings as

26、its first requirement. Besides good understanding of special knowledge, Liang also argued that smoothness in words, sentences and whole text is another demand for good EST translation, which can only be met by the complete understanding of the original text.The Criteria of Translation The translatio

27、n should be a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. The translation should have all the ease of original composition. Alexander F. Tytler Essay on the Principles of Translation Qualifications

28、for Medical English TranslatorsBe Proficient in EnglishBe Proficient in ChineseBe equipped with skills and knowledge in medicineTranslation theory, skills and practiceQualifications for Medical English TranslatorsMedicine is a branch of medical science that treats patients solely with the use of dru

29、gs, or non-surgically. 内科学是仅用药物而非外科手术来治疗病人的一个医学分支。Qualifications for Medical English TranslatorsMedicine is not only a branch of applied biology, however. it also subsumed many aspects of psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics. 然而，医学不仅仅是应用生物学的一个分支， 它还包括心理学、社会学、人类学和经济学 的诸多方面。 Characterist

30、ics of Medical English and Translation大量使用名词化结构 ( nominalization )Second, the existence of further therapeutic options for the underlying illness must be addressed. 其次，必须申明， 对主要疾病作进一步治疗 的选择仍然存在。 Characteristics of Medical English and Translation大量使用名词化结构 ( nominalization )A thrombus may cause sudden

31、 closure of the vessel with complete obstruction of the blood flow. 血栓可能会引起血管突然阻塞，造成血流 完全中断。 Characteristics of Medical English and Translation2. 大量使用长句和定语从句 Thus, due to the action of ultra violet rays on the skin, substances are produced in the skin which get into the blood and accelarate the processes of metabolism in the various organs of the body. 因此，由于紫外线对皮肤的作用，皮肤里产生 一些物质进入血液，可促进人体各器官的代谢 作用。 Characteristics of Medical English and TranslationThe white pulp of the spleen produces lymphocytes that migrate to the red pulp and reach