进出口贸易中的污染物残留与质量控制分析－潘灿平

1、果菜进出口贸易中的污染物残留与质量控制分析 农业部农产品质量监督检验测试中心（北京）2007年11月18日 三亚报告人： 潘 灿 平 农产品安全科学研究重点领域注重农产品安全监控、技术、风险评估及预警体系农产品安全标准不断提高，监控措施系统化注重基础研究，研究手段和方法不断改进实验室建设的标准化、国际化农产品安全检测技术及产品高度专业化（快速、准确、高通量）进出口贸易中面临的挑战进口商品必须通过产品合格检验单位的认证，方可进口。如产品安全认证体系、环境管理体系、职业健康安全管理体系等 特定技术标准 、污染物检测检疫 （周期、符合性）包装标志包装的密闭性、包装标识的颜色、货物运输方式以及国家之间

2、计量单位的差别 Soil analysis:As,Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn,Mo,Ni,Pb, ZnOrganic pollutantsFertilizers:As,Cd, Co, CrOrganic mannureSewage sludgeLiquid mannureSoil protectionPLANT PRODUCTIONPropagation materials:Virus controlPesticide applicationPesticide QCPest & disease diagnosisPesticide Residue ARaw agricultu

3、re commodities of plant originPesticide residues, mycotoxins, heavy metals, GMO, etc.FeedsPesticide residuesMycotoxins, GMOHeavy metals, PCB, dioxins, microbial cont., etc.ANIMAL HUSBANDRYVeterinary medical productsEnvironmental pollutants cicomntamiMeat, milk, eggs, edible offals, honey, etc.Veteri

4、nary drug residuesPesticide residues, mycotoxin, heavy metals, PCB, PAH, dioxin, microbial contaminations, etc.Processed foodPesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, heavy metals, nitrate, food additives, mycotoxins, microbial contamination, etc.IMPORTED PRODUCTSIMPORTED PRODUCTSAir pollutantsW

5、ater零风险选择，即“黑与白”的方法100%安全与零风险，人的生命与健康最重要、不惜代价2) 风险分析 Risk Analysis没有100%安全的食品，仅仅能够将风险渐低到可以接水平农产品安全的2个策略大多数人支持难以理解？！脂肪 糖沙门菌肉毒杆菌 BSE疯牛病农药残留激素残留转基因食品硝酸盐色素有机产品不熟悉的非致命的风险的认知调查 (Fife-Schaw and Rowe, 2000)可能严重危害健康的熟悉的食品安全情况MRL的一般制定过程如果农药实测的田间残留数据大于根据慢性毒性算出的可允许的残留量，则此农药不能使用，如杀虫眯。 暴露的安全水平 剂量水平 Dose level安全系数

6、 NOAEL X 安全系数 = 安全摄入水平（ADI、PDWI等）。常用100倍安全系数（种属间差异10倍 X 个体间差异10倍）。毒性终点人暴露的可接受水平动物试验无作用剂量NOEL安全系数（通常为100）1001MRL优良农业措施（GAP）GAP应包括最佳使用量范围、使用次数、每次使用的间隔期、安全采收期（PHI) 等。在该过程中，在首先考虑有效性的同时，应同时考虑尽量少施药以减少农药的浪费和对环境的污染。MRL的主要作用 作为一种法定限量其主要作用是用以检验农作物和食品生产过程是否严格执行优良农业措施，帮助经农药处理的农产品在全球进行进出口贸易。MRL可保障食品安全？ MRL不是一个安全

7、限量，农业残留超标的食品并不一定必须意味着对人体健康有影响。ADI是通过一系列毒理学研究而得到的一个安全限量，也就是说估计摄入量是否超过由ADI计算的TMDI理论摄入量，才是判断食品是否安全的标准。ADI反应了长期评价；最近还关注急性毒性方面的安全。 Results of Pesticide Residue MonitoringResults from the 1989, 1990 & 1991 FDA Total Diet StudiesInternational MRL Database for Specialty CropsDateCarfentrazone-EthylGlyphosat

8、e Hexythiazox MalathionOxyfluorfenPhosphine 作物组合? 解决全面制定MRL的钥匙？将在生物学，分类学，和园艺学特征上接近的作物组合起来，再选出代表作物。用代表作物的残留数据来建立全组的残留指标。Eggplant; groundcherry (Physalis spp.); pepino; pepper (includes bell pepper chili pepper, cooking pepper, pimento, sweet pepper); tomotillo; tomato10 commoditiesRep crops: tomato,

9、bell pepper, & one cultivar of non-bell pepperRequires 21 residue trialsCrop Group 8: Fruiting Vegetables (except cucurbits)Bush Tomato; Cocona; Currant tomato; Garden huckleberry; Groundcherry; Naranjilla; Sunberry; Tomatillo; Tomato (including cultivars and/or hybrids of this); and Tree tomato Mar

10、tynia; Okra; Pepino; Peppers (including all peppers i.e. bell, non-bell, hot, sweet, etc., and cultivars and/or hybrids of these), and Roselle African Eggplant; Eggplant (including cultivars and/or hybrids of this); Pea Eggplant; and Scarlet Eggplant Revised Crop Group 8Expanded from 8 to 19 commodi

11、tiesAdded 1 alternative rep crop:Expanded from 2 to 3 subgroups14 commoditiesRep crops: sweet orange; lemon and grapefruitRequires 23 residue trialsCrop Group 10: Citrus FruitsCalamondin; citrus citron; citrus hybrids (includes chironja, tangelo, tangor); grapefruit; kumquat; lemon; lime; mandarin (

12、tangerine); orange, sour; orange, sweet; pummelo; Satsuma mandarin.Revised Crop Group 10Calamondin; Citrus citron; Citrus hybrids; Grapefruit; Grapefruit, Japanese summer; Kumquat; Lemon; Lime; Lime, Australian desert; Lime, Australian finger; Lime, Australian round; Lime, Brown River finger; Lime,

13、mount white; Lime, New Guinea wild; Lime, Russell River; Lime, sweet; Lime, Tahiti; Mediterranean Mandarin; Orange, sour; Orange, sweet; Pummelo; Satsuma mandarin; Tachibana orange; Tangelo; Tangerine; Tangor; Trifoliate orangeExpanded from 14 to 27 commoditiesRemains 3 rep cropsExpanded from 2 to 3

14、 subgroupsCrop Group 11: Pome Fruits7 commodities2 rep crops: apple and pearRequires 18 residue trialsApple; crabapple; loquat; mayhaw; pear; pear, oriental; quince.Apple; Crabapple; Loquat; Mayhaw; Medlar; Pear; Pear, Oriental; Quince; Quince, Chinese; TejocoteRevised Crop Group 11Expanded from 7 t

15、o 10 commoditiesRemains 2 rep cropsCrop Group 12: Stone Fruits11 commoditiesRep crops: sweet or tart cherry; peach; and plum or fresh pruneRequires 21 residue trialsApricot; cherry, sweet; cherry, tart; nectarine; peach; plum; plum, Chickasaw; plum, Damson; plum, Japanese; plumcot; prune (fresh).Rev

16、ised Crop Group 12Expanded from 11 to 22 commoditiesRemains 3 rep cropsDivided into two subgroupsApricot; Apricot, Japanese; Capulin; Cherry, black; Cherry, Nanking; Cherry, sweet; Cherry, tart; Choke cherry; Jujube; Klamath plum; Nectarine; Peach; Plum; Plum, American; Plum, beach; Plum, cherry; Pl

17、um, Chickasaw; Plum, Damson; Plum, Japanese; Plumcot; Prune (fresh); SloeCrop Group 13: Berries & Small Fruits8 commodity entries2 rep crops: any one blackberry or any one raspberry; and blueberryRequires 9 residue trials2 subgroups: 13A. Caneberry (blackberry and raspberry); 13B. BushberryBlackberr

18、y (including bingleberry, boysenberry; dewberry; lowberry, marionberry, olallieberry, youngberry); blueberry; currant; elderberry; gooseberry; huckleberry; loganberry; raspberry, black and red.Revised Crop Group 13Expanded from 8 to 44 commoditiesExpanded from 2 to 8 rep cropsExpanded from 2 to 8 su

19、bgroupsAmur River grape; Andean blackberry; Aronia berry; Bayberry; Bearberry; Bilberry; Blackberry; Blueberry, highbush; Blueberry, lowbush; Buffalo currant; Buffaloberry; Che; Chilean guava; Chinese egg gooseberry; Chokecherry; Cloudberry; Cranberry; Currant, black and Currant, red; Elderberry; Eu

20、ropean barberry; Gooseberry; Grape; Highbush cranberry; Honeysuckle; Huckleberry; Jostaberry; Juneberry and Saskatoon berry; Kiwifruit, fuzzy; Kiwifruit, hardy; Lingonberry; Maypop; Mountain pepper berries; Mulberry; Muntries; Native currant; Partridgeberry; Phalsa; Pincherry; Raspberry; Riberry; Sa

21、lal; Sea buckthorn; Serviceberry; Strawberry; Wild raspberryCCPRCAC 作物分类的工作正在进行。 全球小作物使用的高级会谈将于2007年12月3日至7日在FAO总部，意大利的罗马召开。技术贸易壁垒分析WTO关于技术壁垒的协议有两个，TBT即贸易技术壁垒协议，SPS即实施动植物卫生检疫措施协议： MRL的制定必须科学 基于MRL而产生的技术贸易壁垒： 各国可以自己制定各国的限量标准（GAP、 膳食结构、 风险分析结果）、各国的风险评估体系可能不同CAC： MRL 在各国的协调性问题MRL判定的逻辑学实验室分析部位部分中残留量缩分样本Bulk sample田间样本某地区样本？分析结果的客观表述1,