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1、英语十大词性分类及用法附加练习第1页,共80页。词性的分类词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分十个大类。 第2页,共80页。词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称party政党China中国代词Pronoun (pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他that那数词Numeral (num.)表示数量或顺序one一first第一形容词Adjective(adj.)用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特性、性质safe安全great伟大副词Adverb (adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作或形状的特性hard艰苦here这里冠词Article

2、 (art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an,a,the动词Verb (v.)表示人或事物的动作或状态eat吃have有介词Preposition (prep.)用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间的关系under在。下in在。里连词Conjunction (conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和but但是感叹词Interjection (interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气Hello喂why呃,嘿第3页,共80页。treedogwindow表示_、_以及_名字的词。一、名词人事物抽象概念第4页,共80页。1. Frank is a boy.2. My sister i

3、s a pupil.3. Look at these birds.He is seven. She is beautiful. I like the blue one.第5页,共80页。名词的概念名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词 . 专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing, China, the United States,等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词包括可数名词(countable noun)和不可数名词(uncountable noun)可以计数的一般为可数名词,如:a student, two stu

4、dents不可以计数的一般为不可数名词,如:milk,rice,air,snow,rain,education,honesty 第6页,共80页。名词复数的规则变化 情况构成方法例词一般情况加 -smaps bags cars以s, sh, ch, x,z等结尾的词加 -esbuses,dishes,watches,boxes,buzzes以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词加 -sMarys,Germanysboys,toys,days,rays,joys,plays,monkeys以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加esbabies,ladies,parties,factorie

5、s第7页,共80页。其它名词复数的规则变化 1) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:a. 加s,如: photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos; b. 加es,如:potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes2) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs;b. 去f, fe 加-ves,如:half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives

6、thief-thieves; 第8页,共80页。名词复数的不规则变化 1)通过内部元音变换:child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the Bri

7、tish,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。news 是不可数名词。 第9页,共80页。名词的格1.s所有格单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词,加s如:mothers bags, childrens rooms,womens clothes以s结尾的复数名词,只加girls toys, Teachers Day并列名词表各自所有关系时,在各个名词后加s,如 Marys and Bobs books

8、如果只在最后一个名词之后加s, 则表示两人共有的书,Mary and Bobs book第10页,共80页。名词的格2.of 所有格名词属格和of 所有格都可表示所有关系the eyes of cats= cats eyesthe room of the children=the childrens room但当名词属格表示类别和属性时,不可用of 男士服装mens clothing,a doctors degree当名词词组是由“定冠词+形容词”构成,如the rich,只能用of ,the income of the richof 词组表示同位关系,不能用名词属格the city of R

9、ome, the town of Bremen第11页,共80页。practiceflowerflowers找规律watchesfactory-factoriesleaf - leavesboxesNOUN.第12页,共80页。practice找规律tomatoespotatoesheroesNOUN.第13页,共80页。注意:1 副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。make a cake color the dog1简单介词(约有70个),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。格1/3 one third ;Find ve

10、rb in the following phrase.常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,every-,no-加上body,one,thing的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分十个大类。他们三三两两的到达了。We should love each other.并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。clever girl clean one good boy1 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词(实义动词)、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。Yo

11、u said it yourself.这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语He has got married.不规则变化child-childrenwoman-womendeersheepman-mengoose-geeseNOUN.第14页,共80页。 1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_. Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.How far is your school from here? Not very farIts about

12、 twenty walk.(2000杭州) Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3. There are three in my family. (2004长春) A.people B. person C. child 4. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C.science 5. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and Jane B. Ann and J

13、anes C.Anns and Janes 典型例题解析 C C A A BNOUN.第15页,共80页。根据所给单词的正确形式填空:1. Different people may have different _. (idea)2. I often go to work on . (foot)3. I know one of the . (boy)4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass)5. Please give them their . (photo)6. Are there any in the box? (watch)7. There a

14、re twelve in a year. (month)8. Would you like some ? (tomato)9. Look at those in the boats! (people)10. Look! The are singing. (woman)11. September 10th is Day. (teacher)12. Jim has some . (knife)13. How much are these ? (vegetable)14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (minute) 15. The girl unde

15、r the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy) ideasfootboysglassesphotoswatchesmonthstomatoespeoplewomenTeachersknivesvegetablesminutesLucysNOUN.第16页,共80页。十大词性二、代词1.概念:代词是代替_的词。2.英文表达:noun3.英文缩写:名词第17页,共80页。代词代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八

16、种。 第18页,共80页。请用n. pron.标注出下列单词的词性grandpa it she skirt teacher he pen kite this book we that brotheryou school I chair sun 第19页,共80页。一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化 数 单数复数单数复数格 主格主格宾格宾格第一人称 Iwemeus第二人称 youyouyouyou 第三人称 he sheit theyHim heritthem第20页,共80页。通常,主格作主语,宾格作宾语通常

17、,当单数的主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数的的主格作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Eg. He is my friend. Its me. They are from China. She lent me a book. I love it. Are you interested in them?第21页,共80页。二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表, 数 单数复数人称一二三一二三形物 myyourhis/her/ its ouryourtheir名 物 mineyourshis/hers /itsoursyo

18、urstheirs第22页,共80页。形容词性物主代词=形容词,位于名词的前面名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词,之后不接名词。Eg. I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there.This is your picture. And that is mine.第23页,共80页。三、 指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。单数复数this thatthese thoseEg. That is a good idea. I love those book in blue. These people are my f

19、riends.第24页,共80页。四、自身代词,也称为反身代词表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词。单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves第25页,共80页。反身代词的用法1. 用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末):The box itself is not so heavy. You said it yourself.2. 用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语):Take good care of yourself.3. 用作表语

20、The poor boy was myself.第26页,共80页。五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。 We should love each other.Tom and Betty are friends, so they always help each other. Our students learn one another.第27页,共80页。eg. I want something hot. Do you need some coffee? There is nothing good. All

21、of you are students.六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,every-,no-加上body,one,thing的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语第28页,共80页。七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)What are you?Who is his

22、 coat?Whose bag is this?Which do you prefer? The blue one or the white one?Could you tell me what is his name?Mother asked which one I wanted.第29页,共80页。八、 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导定语从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。 He is the man whom you have been lo

23、oking for. I hope I can find a job that I can devote myself to.This is the book whose covering is old.That is the same food as you want.第30页,共80页。 1.He shouted louder to the runners, but he still couldnt make _ heard. A. him B. himself C. them D. themselves 2.There are flowers and trees on _ sides o

24、f the river. A. every B. both C. either D. all 3.She has three good friends. One is a doctor; _ are teachers of Chinese. A. another B. the other two C. other D. others 4.Before handing in your compositions, please correct the mistakes in each line if_. A. so B. no C. any D. some Exercises B B B C第31

25、页,共80页。1._(我) am a worker. _(你) are a doctor. _(她) is a teacher.2.This is_ (他的 )shirt. 3. This is _(我的)pen. 4._(他们的) trousers are there. 5. I like this picture. Please give _(它) to_(我).6. People get _(他们的) money from_(我).7._(他们) are new students. _(他们的) names are Lucy and Lily.8. These are _(我们的) sh

26、oes. Can _(我们) wear _(它们).9Thank _ for _(你的) help. 10. _(他) loves _(她), and _(她) loves _(他),too.11. _(我) love _(你), and _(你) love _(我),too. IYou my his She Theirtheirme itThey Their me our me them we He your you you you her I him she第32页,共80页。十大词性三、形容词1.概念:形容词是修饰和形容_和_的词。2.英文表达:adjective3.英文缩写:adj.名

27、词代词第33页,共80页。clever girl clean one good boybeautiful room long nose happy facepurple grape fine day blue cat找出短语中的n. pron. adj.闯关2第34页,共80页。形容词 用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词。 作 用例 句定 语You can see a lot of beautiful flowers in the garden.表 语Your coat is too small.宾语补足语The old woman keeps everything clean

28、and tidy.注意:1.有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如: The old man is alone. 2. 形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词,要 放在这些词的后面。 Youd better tell us something interesting.第35页,共80页。形容词在句子中的位置作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词前。 a big yellow wooden wheel .作表语时放在连系动词之后。The price sounds reasonab

29、le.作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。 We must try our best to keep our environment clean. 后置的情况:修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。 Something serious has happened to him.与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。 Hes 1.8 metres tall.第36页,共80页。注意:一. 以-ly结尾的形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。dail

30、y,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.二. 用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 三. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty

31、old brown shirt;a famous German medical school第37页,共80页。四. 副词1.概念:用来修饰_、_、_以及_的词。2.英文表达:adv.adverb动词形容词其他副词全句3.英文缩写:第38页,共80页。副词副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、 介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词 一、副词的位置 在许多情况下,副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。 The girl dances very well. 2.有时也放在主语后面,谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。 He angrily closed the door. 3.句中的副词如碰

32、上助动词,be动词,则通常放在助动词,be动词之后,实义动词之前 We have already read the book. 第39页,共80页。二.副词的分类1、 时间和频度副词: now, then, often, always, usually, early, today, lately, next, last, already, generally, frequently, seldom, ever, never, yet, soon, too, immediately, hardly, finally, shortly, before, ago, sometimes, yester

33、day. 第40页,共80页。2、 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3、方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely,

34、proudly, softly, warmly 第41页,共80页。4、 程度副词,放在被修饰词之前: much, little, very, rather, so, too, still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely, almost, slightly. 5、 疑问副词: how, when, where, why. 6、关系副词: when, where, why. 7、连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether. 第42页,共80页。三、副词的排列顺序1) 时间,地点副词:小在前,大在后。2)y

35、o方式副词,短在前,长在后,并用and或but Please write slowly and carefully.3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。 The children played games very quietly in their room by themselves yesterday。第43页,共80页。注意:1 副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 改错:(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much.注意: 2副词enough放形容词后,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I do

36、nt know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 第44页,共80页。十大词性五、动词1.概念:表示_和_的词。2.英文表达:verb3.英文缩写:v.动作状态第45页,共80页。jump 跳run 跑I am a teacher.She is a student.You are a boy.动作amisare状态第46页,共80页。GameFind verb in the following phrase.ride a bik

37、e fly a kite make a cake color the dog clean the road follow the nurse第47页,共80页。动词的分类1 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词(实义动词)、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。如:We have lunch at 12. I am hungry. She didnt know him. You can swim. 第48页,共80页。系动词作为系动词,有些不具词义;有些具有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。1)状态系动词只有be一词2)持续系动

38、词keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand,3)表像系动词seem, appear, look4)感官系动词feel, smell, sound, taste 5)变化系动词become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 6)终止系动词prove, turn out, 表达证实,变成之意 第49页,共80页。助动词最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 1) 助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用 2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,a. 表示时态,He has g

39、ot married. b. 表示语态,He was sent to England. c. 构成疑问句,Do you like college life? d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,I dont like him. e. 加强语气,He did know that. 第50页,共80页。情态动词有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。只做情态动词: must, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would)可做情态动词又可做实义动

40、词: need, dare具有情态动词特征: have (had, has) to, used to第51页,共80页。实义动词实义动词意思完全,能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词(及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词)Think, play, drive等第52页,共80页。动词有五种形态分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。第53页

41、,共80页。十大词性六. 数词1.概念:表示_和_的词。2.英文表达:numeral3.英文缩写:num.数量多少先后顺序第54页,共80页。数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。) 一、基数词 基数词写法和读法二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式: first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st第55页,共80页。基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如 hundreds of people 指许多人;b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里; 如:They arrived in twos

42、 and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。c. 表示几十岁; d. 表示年代,用 in +the +数词复数;e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.第56页,共80页。数词的用法 1)表示倍数 once, twice, three times2)表示分数构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数: 1/3 one third ; 3/7 three sevenths.第57页,共80页。十大词性七. 介词1.概念:表示_、_、_之间关系的词。2.英文表达:prepos

43、ition3.英文缩写:prep.人与人事物与事物人与事物第58页,共80页。Emma is beside Cassie. besideI am in the room.人与人The pen is on the table.事物与事物人与事物onin第59页,共80页。介词分类按结构英语介词可分为2类: 1简单介词(约有70个),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。 2短语介词,指多个单词构成的介词,如,in front of ,out of ,instead of ,far from ,apart from 等。 第60页,共80

44、页。1.表示地点位置的介词 at ,in, on, to, above, over, below, under, in front of, in the front of, beside,behind 2.表示时间的介词in , on,at, after, from, since, 时间名词前介词用法口诀 年前周前要用in , 具体日子要用on , 遇到几号也用on ,上午下午得是in , 要说某日上下午 用on换in记清楚 , 午夜黄昏用at ,黎明用它也不错 ,at用在时分前 ,说“差”可要用上to ,说过要用past 第61页,共80页。表示运动方向的介词:across, through

45、 4.表示“在之间”的介词:表示“在之间”的介词在英语中属于方位介词,如in front of ,behind ,on, in, near, under, up between, among 第62页,共80页。十大词性八 . 连词1.概念:连词是连接_、_、_的词2.英文表达:conjunction3.英文缩写:conj.单词与单词短语与短语句子与句子第63页,共80页。blue and red stand up and sit downI like apples, but my mother likes bananas.andandbut短语与短语单词与单词句子与句子第64页,共80页。英语词性解析-连词连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and)then等等。第65页,共80页。冠冠词是谁的帽子呢?第66页,共80页。十大词性九.

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