翻译社会工作中英文对照

1、British Journal of Social Work (2012)42, 1132 T150英国社会工作(2012) 42,1132-1150The New Politics of Social Work Practice:Understanding Context to Promote Change社会工作实践的新政治：理解语境促进变革Accepted: April 2012 收稿于2014年4月Abstract 摘要 During the past several decades, social work practice in the USA and the industrial

2、ised world has become increasingly politicised a consequence of political-economic, ideo-logical, demographic and cultural changes. This new political environment is reflected in all aspects of social work practice, including its underlying assumptions, theoretical bases, research methods and educat

3、ional foundation. It influences how all participants in the service process define needs, implement alternative strategies of helping and evaluate their effectiveness. Persisten t misunderstandings about the meaning of politics and its relationship to professional practice, however, present major ob

4、stacles to the de-velopment of effective responses to this dramatic transformation. At the organisational and societal levels, these misunderstandings discourage challenges to the institutional status . At the micro level, they rationalise existing hierarchies between social service agencies and ser

5、vice users, and between workers and clients.在过去的几十年里，在美国和发达国家的社会工作实践已日渐政治化，这是经济、思想民主和文化改变的后果。这种新的政治环境体现在社会工作实践的各个方面， 包括其基本假设、理论基础、研究方法和教育基础。它影响了所有参与者在服务 过程中定义的需求、实施帮助性的替代战略和评估其有效性。然而，对政治和专 业实践的关系意义的持续误解成为目前有效回应这一戏剧性的转变的发展存在 的主要障碍。在组织和社会水平，这些误解阻碍对机构地位的挑战。在微观层面 上，他们合理地存在于社会服务机构和用户以及工人和客户的等级制之间。Introdu

6、ctionBritish Journal of Social Work (2012)42, 1132 T150英国社会工作（2012） 42,1132-1150引言As a self- proclaimed value based profession , social work bases its status on a combination of scientific principles and normative judgements. In its prac-tice, it strives to promote social change, empowerment and hum

7、an liber-ation by integrating data-driven research and analysis with principles of human rightsand social justice i(International Federation of SocialWorkers, 2000). Social workers have been most successful in achieving these goals when they have used social science to 川uminate the extent and causes

8、 of social problems like poverty and challenged institutions and a reluctant public to translate democratic rhetoric into practice. However modest, these approaches have had a significant impact on Western societies during the past century (Stern and Axinn, 2012). Al-though rarely acknowledged, the

9、profession eshical imperative to pursue social justice and the application of this principle to practice and advocacy reflect clear political positions based upon different conceptions and appli-cations of power (Abrams and Moio, 2009; Weinberg, 2010; Ortiz and Jani2010).作为一个自我标榜的“价值为基础的职业”，社会工作将它的地

10、位建立在科学原 则和规范性判断相结合之上。在实践中，努力推广社会变革、人权、人身自由， 这是通过把数据主导的研究分析与“人权和社会正义的原则和人类解放”整合营 造来实现的。(2000国际社会工作者联合会)。当社会工作者使用社会科学来 实现这些目标一一解释诸如贫困等社会问题的原因和程度以及促使机构和不情 愿的公众将有关民主的花言巧语付诸实践时，他们已经取得了很大的成功。(Stern和阿克辛，2012)。尽管一直很低调，这些方法已在过去的一个世纪对 西方社会产生显著的影响。尽管很少被认可，但依靠公认的职业道德，专家们追 求社会公正，并将这一原则应用到实践和宣传中，清楚地体现了基于不同的观念和权力应

11、用之上的政治地位。(Abrams,莫约，2009;温伯格，2010;奥尔蒂 斯和贾尼2010)。However, social workers have been increasingly reluctant to confront the political dimensions of practice or challenge those forces whose values and goals run counter to their expressed mission (McNutt,2008; Finn and Jacobson, 2009). In today sdramatic

12、ally different political -economic and ideological context, this depoliticisation of social work has significant consequences for service users and practitioners alike because no professional practice can be apolitical (Lewis, 2003, p. 143). This articleBritish Journal of Social Work (2012)42, 1132

13、T150英国社会工作(2012) 42,1132-1150examines the forces transforming the politics of practice during the past three decades, with an emphasis on US developments, and suggests ways social workers can create effective responses in the areas of education, practice theory and research. We believe the professio

14、n needs to translate the political dimensions of its rhetoric into new, innovative forms to counteract those forces that are producing greater inequality and social marginalisation.然而，最近，社会工作者已经越来越不愿意面对的政治层面的实践或者去挑战那 些价值观和目标与他们所宣扬的的使命背道而驰的的强大的势力(麦克纳特， 2008;芬和雅各布森，2009)。在今天的显着不同的政治、经济和思想背景下， 这种去政治化的社

15、会工作对服务对象和从业人员具有重要的后果，“因为没有专业的实践可以不问政治 (Lewis, 2003, p. 143)。本文探讨了在过去的三几 十年来的政治实践的力量，随着对美国发展的重视提出了社会工作者可以在教育 领域、实践理论和研究领域产生有效回应的建议。我们相信这个行业需要将政治维度的花言巧语进行更新，创新的形式来抵消这些力产生更大的不平等和社会边 缘化的力量。It is important to note at the outset that we do not definepoliticsn the narrownot only the desire tosense of parti

16、cipation in electoral campaigns or social movements, but in terms that reflect a synthesis of modern and postmodern ideas. A modernist conception analyses how power determines viable alternatives, defines the relationship between government and the economy, and thereby influences all aspects of prac

17、tice. In this perspective, politics signifies achieve predefined ends but the struggle to re-define the ends by exposing injustices and by posing alternatives (Parenti, 2002, p. 4). A postmodern perspective defines politics in terms of how institutions, relationships, language and activities, as soc

18、ial constructions, reflect and perpetuate power differences in material, cultural and psychological ways through a process Foucault (1995) termed governme-bality . Through this lens, social services embody societal efforts to create and sustain power arrangements affecting both clients and workers (

19、Margolin, 1997).重要的是在一开始就要注意到，我们没有狭隘地将“政治”定义为参与选举活动 或社会运动，而是用一个反映出现代和后现代观念的术语来表示。 现代主义的概 念分析权力如何确定可行的替代政策，界定了政府与经济之间的关系，从而影响 实践的各个方面。从这个角度来看，政治意义上不仅希望达到预定目的， 而是通 过揭露不公来提出替代方案以重新定义。 (Parenti, 2002, p. 4).以后现代的视角 界定了以一种社会结构关系方面， 语言和活动，为社会建设、反映和维持权力的British Journal of Social Work (2012)42, 1132 T150英国社

20、会工作(2012) 42,1132-1150差异。福柯( 1995)称之为“生命”的政府。通过这个镜头，社会服务体现社 会创造和维持权力配置的努力影响客户和员工。( Margolin,1997 )。Our definition of politics focuses on how power shapes the allocation of rights, access, opportunities, status and resources including workers time, skills and information. It emphasises how power infl

21、uences intra-organisational dynamics and the assumptions underlying and rationa- lising agencies definitions of need, selection of helping strategies and evaluation of interventions (Green, 1999; Payne, 2005; Schram, 2006; Wein-berg, 2010). It assesses how power constrains the behaviour of social wo

22、rkers who must often prioritise the interests of outsiders with no direct relationship to the service transaction.我们的政治定义集中于权力如何分配权利、获得、机会、地位和资源，包括工人 的时间、技能和信息。它强调权力影响组织内部的动态和潜在的合理性等机构的 定义需要的假设，帮助策略和评价干预措施的选择(绿色，1999 ; PA快，2005 ; 施拉姆，2006;维恩伯格，2010)。评估权力制约了社会工作者的行为，这些 人必须优先与无直接关系者的利益以服务交易。Politics a

23、nd social work: an historical analysis政治与社会工作：历史分析Politics has always been a fundamental component of US social work, expanding civil rights and producing reforms in child welfare, health care, juvenile justice and income support (Stern and Axinn, 2012). What is less frequently acknowledged, however

24、, is that this political activity grew out of social workers daily efforts in settlement houses, charities organisation societies and child welfare agencies to ameliorate the social and economic conditions of low-income individuals and families, many of whom were immigrants (Walkowitz, 1999). Social

25、 workers engaged in politically oriented activities after they realised that micro-level interventions were in-sufficient to solve problems they observed daily. They recognised the polit-ical nature of practice and developed a political consciousness about what Jane Addams called the social question

26、 before they entered the wider pol-itical arena (Elshtain, 2002). This political awareness influenced key meth-odological principles of their practice.British Journal of Social Work (2012)42, 1132 T150英国社会工作(2012) 42,1132-1150政治一直是美国社会工作的一个基本组成部分，扩大公民权利和儿童福利，生产 改革医疗保健，少年司法和收入支持（Stern和阿克辛、2012）。然而，很少

27、有 公认的是，这种政治活动在解决住房、慈善组织、社会和儿童福利方面的日常努 力中，这种政治活动的增长对低收入的个人和家庭的社会经济条件状况改善作用 不大，其中许多人是移民（渥克魏兹，1999）。社会工作者在他们意识到他们 每天观察到的微观层面干预是足以解决问题后致力于从事政治活动。他们承认在他们进入更广阔的政治舞台前被简亚当斯称之为社会问题的实践的政治性质和 政治意识的发展（日shtain , 2002）。这种政治意识影响的关键方法论原则的实 践。The construction and dissemination of the profession s master narra-tive ,

28、 however, have obscured critical components of this history through the creation of a professional self-image and theories to guide its practice（Stuart, 2008）. A master narrative reflects the dominant culture s concep-tion of society and how its institutions should work; defines rights and duties; a

29、nd excludes the experiences and views of some sectors of society while privileging others （Sandlin and Clark, 2009, p. 1001）. Because it is not recognised as a social construction, it develops a relationship of mutual reinforcement with the institutions it produces （Valenzuela, 2005）. Social work s

30、master narrative influences ideas about science, knowl-edge and reason, and concepts of normal behaviour （Andrews, 2002）. It also shapes local narratives through government documents, mission state-ments and the cultural artefacts of social service organisations.然而，专业的主叙事传播与建设已经通过一个专业的形象来进行理论指导 实践创作

31、而使得这一历史的关键部件变得模糊。（斯图尔特， 2008）。主叙事 体现了社会主流文化的观念及其机构应工作；界定权利义务；排除了对一些行业的经验和意见而其他社会特权（克拉克，2009, p. 1001 ）。因为它不被公认为是一种社会建构，它与制度的相互加强关系发展（巴伦苏埃拉， 2005） o社会 工作专家叙事影响科学思想、知识和理性，和正常行为的的概念（安德鲁斯， 2002） o它还塑造了 “地方叙事”粗糙的政府文件，任务状态和社会服务机构 的文化艺术品。Ironically, in its origins, social work reflected a counter-narrative

32、 that rejected prevailing conceptions of social welfare, based on a hierarchical charitable model, and proposed alternative goals based on social justice （Stern and Axinn, 2012）. Drawing on a wide range of secular and religious ideologies, it promoted environmental, rather than individually oriented

33、, explanations forBritish Journal of Social Work (2012)42, 1132 T150英国社会工作(2012) 42,1132-1150human need and a more democratic conceptualisation of assistance (Stuart, 2008). Although often unacknowledged, in recent years, this master narrative has subtly accommodated itself to dominant cul-tural val

34、uesemphasising theindividual over the community, equality of opportunity over equity, expertise over mutual aid and adaptation over conflict (Reisch, 2010b).讽刺的是，在它的起源，社会工作反映了反叙事，拒绝了当时的社会福利的概念， 基于一个分层的慈善模式，并提出了替代的目标基于社会公正(Stern和阿克辛， 2012)。广泛的世俗和宗教的意识形态促进环境，而不是单独为导向，解释人 类需要和一个更加民主的概念化的援助(Stuart, 2008

35、)。虽然经常不被承认， 近年来，这一宏大叙事巧妙地为主导的价值观强调个人在社会上，机会公平、平等、互助和适应在冲突的专业知识(Reisch, 2010b)。Through its vocabulary, research and policy priorities, social work in-creasingly accepts as normative existing institutional goals and their underlying assumptions. The profession s rhetoric continues to be change-oriente

36、d while its practice largely focuses on accommodation (Jani et al., 2011). Responses to welfare reform and managed care 川ustrate this behaviour, as does the recent emphasis on the marketisation of welfare (Gr? nbjerg and Salamon, 2002) and the focus on clients resiliency, rather than resistance (Sch

37、ram, 2006). This has produced an implied, if un-stated, endorsement of the market-oriented US political system. Instead of challenging the premises, parameters and priorities of this system, social workers focus on channelling clients needs and interventions within it. The unintended social control

38、function this produces is masked by the rhet-oric of social justice.通过词汇、研究和政策重点，社会工作越来越接受现有的制度目标和基本假设的 “规范”。专业的修辞效果问题是变化的，而其实践主要集中在居住问题( Jani et al., 2011)。福利改革和管理式医疗的反应说明了这种行为，最近的重点在“市场化的福利” (GR? nbjerg和萨拉蒙，2002 ),客户的弹性的重点，而不 是性(施拉姆，2006)。这已经产生了一个隐含的，如联合国说的以市场为导 向的美国政治体系。而具有挑战性的前提下，该系统的参数和重点，社会工作者

39、 注重引导客户需求及干预措施在这。他无意的社会控制功能的产生是由社会正义 的修辞面具。The changing environment of practiceBritish Journal of Social Work (2012)42, 1132 T150英国社会工作(2012) 42,1132-1150实践的不断变化的环境Dramatic changes in the practice environment have made the politics of social work practice today significantly different even from that

40、 of the recent past. Changes include a marked increase in income and asset in-equality; the growing intensity and chronic nature of poverty; the strength-ening of capital s power over labour in the workplace and electoral system; greater insecurity of employment; the declining social character of wo

41、rk; the destabilisation of urban and rural communities; and reduced confidence in government s ability to address critical socio-economic issues. Serious proposals are now being considered to replace the major components of the US social welfare system Social Security and Medicare with market-orient

42、ed alternatives, eliminate workers collective bargaining rights, restrict women s access to reproductive health services, overturn Affirma-tive Action, implement deep cuts in safety net programmes and public edu-cation, and make permanent tax policies that favour the wealthiest 1 per cent.在实践环境变化巨大的

43、今天，社会工作实践的政治甚至从最近的过去显着的不同。 变化包括收入显著增加和资产在平等；强度不断增长和贫困的长期性；加强资本的权力；在工作场所和选举制度的劳动就业；更大的不安全感；浮躁的社会工作性质；城市和农村社区的不稳定；在政府解决社会经济问题的能力信心下降。极力建议现在被认为是以市场为导向的替代品取代美国社会福利制度的主要组成 部分，消除工人集体谈判权，限制了妇女的生殖健康服务的访问，颠覆性的行动计划，实施安全网计划和公共教育开支削减，使永久性的税收政策支持最富裕的百分之一。In addition, rapid demographic changes have created largel

44、y unexplored implications for the profession s commitment to diversity (Jani et al., 2011). New technology has altered conceptions of knowledge and, perhaps, the nature of cognition itself (Pinker, 2008), while creating new ethical challenges regarding such issues as confidentiality and informed con

45、sent (Reamer, 2009). Contentious discourse, shifting public/non-profit sector relationships and the growing emphasis on accountability-oriented, evidence-based practice have further politicised the context of social work practice in the USA (Gr? nbjerg and Salamon, 2002; Abramovitz, 2005).此外，快速的人口转变在很大程度上影响创造职业承诺的多样性( Jani et al., 2011)。新技术改变了概念知识，也许，认知本身的性质( Pinker, 2008), 同时创造新的伦理挑战视为保密等问题和知情同意(钱刀，2009)。在美国将British Journal of Social Work (2012)42, 1132 T150英国社会工作(2012) 42,1132