增值蛋产品研究

1、增值蛋产品：方法和考虑Value-Added Egg Products:Approaches and ConsiderationsDoug Korver and Martin Zuidhof消费者需求Consumer Demand消费者对所买的食品要求更多了Consumers are demanding more from the foods they purchase营养（传统）nutrients (traditional)减少负面成份decreased levels of “negative” components增加有益成份increased levels of “beneficial”

2、 components日粮(n-3) 脂肪酸Dietary (n-3) Fatty Acids 农业产业化前，人类的日粮是这样的：Prior to industrialized agriculture, humans consumed a diet that:典型低脂was typically low in fat(n-6):(n-3)的比例是2：1到1：1 had an (n-6):(n-3) ratio of 2:1 to 1:1平均的现代北美日粮Average modern North American diet:(n-3) 脂肪酸很低very low (n-3) fatty acids

3、 in the diet increased use of corn and soybeans as livestock feed and human foods 典型北美日粮typical North American diet (n-6):(n-3)比例为15：1到20：1 (n-6):(n-3) ratio of 15:1 to 20:1历史上(n-6):(n-3)的比例为2：1-1：1 Historical (n-6):(n-3) ratio of 2:1 to 1:1日粮(n-3) 脂肪酸Dietary (n-3) Fatty Acids(n-3)多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3) Polyu

4、nsaturated Fatty AcidsOmega-3(n-3)-3(n-3)多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids第一双键在脂肪酸的位置Position of double first double bond in the fatty acid花生四烯酸Arachidonic Acid 20:4(n-6)二十碳五烯酸Eicosapentaenoic Acid 20:5(n-3)COOHCOOH脂肪酸结构Fatty Acid StructureLinoleic acid C18:2(n-6)Arachidonic acid C20:4(n-6)Li

5、nolenic acid C18:3(n-3)Eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5(n-3)Stearic acid C18(n-3) 脂肪酸的消费与以下相关：Consumption of (n-3) fatty acids associated with:降低血甘油三酯、血压和血小板聚集decreased blood triglycerides, blood pressure and platelet aggregation减少心脏疾病引起的死亡率decreased incidence of and mortality from heart disease减少肿瘤decre

6、ased tumor growth日粮中(n-3) 脂肪酸Dietary (n-3) Fatty Acids (n-3) 脂肪酸代谢作用Metabolic Effects of (n-3) Fatty Acids花生四烯酸和二十碳五烯酸用来生成二十烷酸AA and EPA are used to make eicosanoids血管收缩blood vessel constriction巨噬细胞功能macrophage function血小板支持和血块形成platelet adhesion and blood clot formationn-3 和n-6脂肪酸对比 n-3 vs n-6 Fatt

7、y Acids花生四烯酸Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) 环氧合酶Cyclooxygenase脂肪氧化酶LipoxygenasePGE2LTB4二十碳五烯酸Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) PGE3环氧合酶Cyclooxygenase脂肪氧化酶LipoxygenaseLTB5有效的Potent有效的Potent变化的蛋脂肪酸Changing Egg Fatty Acids蛋中的多不饱和脂肪酸含量反映了日粮的水平Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of eggs tends to reflect that of

8、the diet日粮中的(n-3)脂肪酸合成进入蛋黄 Dietary (n-3) fatty acids are incorporated into egg yolk亚麻籽（油和籽）Flax seed (oil and seeds)鱼（鱼油和鱼粉）Fish (oil and meal)Canola (油和籽oil and seeds)变化的蛋脂肪酸Changing Egg Fatty Acids亚麻籽Flax seed (oil and seeds)C18:3(n-3)亚麻酸linolenic acid鱼Fish (油和鱼粉oil and meal)C20:5(n-3)二十碳五烯酸eicosa

9、pentaenoic acid (EPA)C22:6(n-3)二十二碳六烯酸docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)蛋质量和生产Egg Quality and Production日粮高(n-3) 脂肪酸水平High dietary (n-3) fatty acid level蛋中有鱼腥味“Fishy” flavors in eggs可能通过加VE克服May be overcome by adding vitamin E加鱼油问题更严重More of a problem with fish oil饲喂增强(n-3) 脂肪酸的日粮生产性能比一般日粮差不多或有少量增加Productio

10、n of flocks fed (n-3) fatty acid enriched diets is comparable or slightly increased to normal flocks低到一般添加水平At low to moderate levels of supplementation实际考虑Practical Considerations不饱和脂肪酸易氧化Unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation饲料中或蛋中in the feed and in the egg在饲料中使用合适的抗氧化剂，添加高水平VE use a

11、ppropriate antioxidant in the feed, and supplement with higher levels of vitamin E饲喂后2-3周(n-3) 脂肪酸合成进入蛋到达高峰 Maximum incorporation of (n-3) fatty acids in the egg after 2-3 weeks on feed维生素增强蛋Vitamin-enriched Eggs蛋的维生素含量Vitamin Content of Eggs不是所有维生素对日粮添加有反应Not all vitamins responsive to dietary supp

12、lementation没反应UnresponsiveVitamin C反应有限或没报道Limited or no information available烟酸Niacin吡哆醇Pyridoxine蛋的维生素含量Vitamin Content of EggsVitamin AVitamin DVitamin EVitamin KB1硫胺素ThiamineB2核黄素RiboflavinB3泛酸Pantothenic Acid叶酸Folic Acid生物素Biotin与日粮维生素水平关系肯定的维生素Positive relationship with diet vitamins 矿物质加强蛋Min

13、eral-enriched Eggs蛋的矿物质含量Mineral Content of Eggs不是所有矿物质对日粮添加有反应Not all minerals responsive to dietary supplementation与日粮水平关系肯定Positive relationship with dietary level碘Iodine 氟Fluorine锰Manganese关系有限或无报道Limited or no information available锌Zinc蛋的矿物质含量Mineral Content of EggsCalciumPhosphorusIronSodiumPo

14、tassiumChlorideMagnesiumCopperSulphurTotal Ash对日粮处理无反应Unresponsive to dietary manipulation营养增强蛋的市场分析Marketing of Nutrient-Enriched Eggs消费者必须Consumers must:了解产品的高品质perceive the product as high quality愿意承担额外成本，花费更多be willing to pay for extra costs, premiums生产者必须Producers must:提供稳定、高品质的产品provide a cons

15、istent , high quality product产品实际情况能够支持标签的声明be able to back up nutritional claims非营养用途的蛋Eggs for Non-nutritional Uses非营养用途的蛋Eggs for Non-Nutritional Uses抗体生产Antibody Production免疫过的母鸡能够抵抗特异性抗原immunize hens against specific antigens抗体沉积进入蛋黄antibodies deposited into egg yolk蛋经加工，收获抗体eggs processed, ant

16、ibodies harvested抗体能与特定抗原结合antibodies bind up specific antigenE. coli - specific antibody非营养用途的蛋Eggs for Non-Nutritional Uses抗体生产Antibody Production抗体可以用来中和饲料中的病原antibodies could be used to neutralize pathogens in feedSalmonellaE. coliOthers?不合适用来直接处理动物Not suitable to treat animals抗体在消化道中会分解antibodi

17、es broken down in digestive tract非营养用途的蛋Eggs for Non-Nutritional Uses溶菌酶Lysozyme抗菌化合物antibiotic compound 在蛋白中自然生成naturally occurring in egg whites商业加工蛋时分离出isolated during commercial processing of eggs在棕色蛋的水平比在白蛋中高higher levels in brown eggs than white?$19/g* X 1.2 g/60g egg = $22.80/egg*Sigma-Aldric

18、h retail price, $ (CAD)阿尔伯特大学鸡蛋生物提炼计划Egg Biorefinery Program:University of Alberta主题Themes:分馏/提取Fractionation/Extraction胱蛋白酶Cystatin$667,000/g* X 0.002 g/60g egg = $1,167.25/egg抗生物素蛋白Avidin$24,300/g* X 0.002 g/60g egg = $48.60/egg*Sigma-Aldrich retail price, $ (CAD)阿尔伯特大学鸡蛋生物提炼计划Egg Biorefinery Prog

19、ram:University of Alberta主题Themes:生物活性肽Bioactive peptides体内生物活性In vivo biological activities营养制品nutraceuticals*Sigma-Aldrich retail price, $ (CAD)阿尔伯特大学鸡蛋生物提炼计划Egg Biorefinery Program:University of Alberta主题Themes:使蛋的营养增强最优化Optimizing nutrient enrichment in eggs稳定/货架期Stability/shelf life促进人类最优化/消费者接

20、受度Optimal human health/consumer acceptance*Sigma-Aldrich retail price, $ (CAD)总结Summary可以提高许多基本的营养成分在蛋内的含量The content of many essential nutrients may be increased in eggs日粮处理dietary manipulation消费者担心的组分可以得到处置The components which may be of concern to consumers can be managed日粮处理dietary manipulation通过

21、加工去除removal by processing消费者的教育consumer education总结Summary改变蛋的成分可能Altered egg composition may:提高消费者接受度和消费量increase consumer acceptance and consumption 作为健康日粮一部分，可能降低心脏病严重程度的发病率as part of a healthy diet, may decrease the incidence and severity of heart disease可能促进总体健康和必须营养成分的摄入may promote overall hea

22、lth and intake of essential nutrients总结Summary改变蛋的成分可能包括Altered egg composition may include:应用于人类和动物健康的成分components for use in human and animal health有商业应用的成分components with commercial applications生产性能指标Performance Indicators 生产性能指标Performance Indicators(PIs)辨别系统功能的好坏Gauge of how well the system is

23、functioning必须有明确意义Must be meaningful 必须可测量Must be measurable必须清楚定义，能够在不同系统间进行比较Must be clearly defined to enable comparison between systems生产性能指标Performance Indicators生物性的Biological饲料转换比Feed conversion rate存活率Livability上市天数Days to market weight胸肉产量Breast meat yield生产性能指标Performance Indicators经济性的Eco

24、nomic每m2 净回报Net return per m2毛利Margin over feed costs现金流Cash flow资产回报Return to capital投资回报Return on investment (ROI)为何生产性能指标很重要Why are PIs important?生长鸡：我的饲料成本在上升，采取些措施吧Grower: my feed costs are rising. Do something!净能Net Energy哪一个是对于饲料赢利最多的能量指标What is the most profitable level of energy to feed?fat

25、content of dietmaintenancebreast musclelivermetabolismheat stress评估潜在决定Evaluate Potential Decisions生物经济模型Bioeconomic model目标：饲料成本较低Objective: Lower feed costs上市重Market wt2.1 kg产量Production143,559 kg死亡率Mortality 3%禁食比例Condemns0.5%目前方案Current scenarioStarter 0.600 kg/bird $305/TGrower 1.000 kg/bird $2

26、92/TFinisher1.848 kg/bird $290/TFinisher20.500 kg/bird $271.5/TFeed conversion ratio : 1.88备选方案Alternate scenario:降低饲料成本$10/T Reduce feed cost by $10/TStarter 0.600 kg/bird $295/TGrower 1.000 kg/bird $282/TFinisher2.016 kg/bird $280/TFinisher20.500 kg/bird $261.5/TFeed conversion ratio : 1.96饲料成本（表面

27、的）Feed cost (apparent)050100150200250300350StarterGrowerFinisherW/DFinisher$/tonneRegularLow cost饲料消耗Feed consumption0.01.02.03.04.05.0RegularLow costkg/birdW/D FinisherFinisherGrowerStarter没控制的结果Uncontrolled consequence0.000.501.001.502.00RegularLow costFCR实际饲料成本Feed cost (actual)$1.15$1.16$0.18$0.18$0.29$0.28$0.54$0.57$0.14$0.13$0.00$0.20$0.40$0.60$0.80$1.00$1.20$1.40RegularLow cost$/birdW/D FinisherFinisherGrowerStarter生产成本Cost of production$1.1766$1.18020.80510.80880.12780.12780.24360.2436$0.00$0.20$0.40$0.60$