全球商务复习彭维刚

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业第一章:Globalizing Business（全球化的商务活动）1.【international business】is defined as(被定义为)：business (firm) that engages（参与） in international (cross-border跨国) economic activities or the action of doing business abroad.翻译：国际商务被定义为：（1）参与国际（跨国）经济活动的企业；

2、（2）到海外从事商务活动的行为。2.【global business】：business around the globe, including both international (cross-border) activities and domestic（国内的） business activities.翻译：全球商务是指全球范围内的商务活动。这种商务活动包括：（1）传统国际商务教材中涉及的国际化活动；（2）本土的商务活动。3.【multinational enterprise (MNE)】：firm that engages in foreign direct investments（

3、直接投资）by directly investing（直接投资） in, controlling and managing value-added activities in other countries.翻译：跨国企业可以被定义为：通过在其他国家的直接投资、控制和管理价值增值活动来参与对外直接投资。4.【foreign direct investment(FDI)】：investments in, controlling, and managing value-added activities in other countries翻译：对外直接投资：是指在其他国家进行直接投资、控制和管理价

4、值增值活动。5.【gross domestic product (GDP)】：measured（衡量） as the sum（总和） of value added by resident（本地） firms, households（家庭）, and government operating（政府运营操作） in an economy. 翻译：国内生产总值衡量的是一个经济体中所有本地企业、家庭和政府创造的价值总和.或者说是一个国家或地区在一定时期内（通常为一年）所生产的最终产品的市场价值。6.【gross domestic product (GDP)】：total market value of

5、 all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time usually a calendar year.翻译：国内生产总值是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内（通常为一年）所生产的最终产品的市场价值。7.【gross national product(GNP)】：gross domestic product plus income from nonresident sources（来源） abroad.翻译：国民生产总值是指国内生产总值加上驻外的收入来源。8.【gross national i

6、ncome(GNI)】：GDP plus income from nonresident sources abroad the term used by the World Bank and other international organizations to supersede the GNP term.翻译：国民总收入是指GDP加上来自海外的非居民来源的收入。这个词是世界银行和其他国际总值用以取代国民生产总值的术语。9.【purchasing power parity (PPP)】：adjustment made to the GDP to reflect differences in

7、 the cost of living.翻译：调整国内生产总值，以反映生活成本差异的方法。10【emerging economies (emerging markets)】：term that gradually（逐步地）replaced（取代） the term developing countries since the 1990s.翻译：新型经济体：这个用语从20实际90年代开始逐步取代了“发展中国家”。11.【Triad (a group of three)】：three regions of developed economies(North America, Western Eur

8、ope, and Janpan).翻译：三大经济体是指三个发达国家，包括北美，西欧和日本。12.【BRIC】：acronym（首字母缩略字） for the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China翻译：金砖四国是指包括巴西，俄罗斯，印度和中国在内的四个新兴经济体的缩略词。13.【BRICS】：Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa（南非）14.【base of the pyramid】：vast（巨大的）majority（大多数）of humanity, about four b

9、illion people, live at the base of the pyramid and make less than $2,000 a year.翻译：金字塔底层是指金字塔最大的一部分人，约40亿，位于最底层，人均年收入不到2000美元。15.【expatriate manager (expat)】：manager who works abroad.翻译：外派经理是指在国外工作的经理。16.【international premium】：significant pay raise when working overseas.翻译：跨国补贴是指在国外工作时薪水会显著提高。17.第一

10、个核心观点：INSTITUTION-BASED VIEW（基于制度观点）主要考虑外部环境（primary deals with the external environment：doing business around the globe requires intimate（精通的） knowledge about the formal and informal rules government competition（竞争） in various countries. An institution-based view suggests that success and failure o

11、f firms are enabled and constrained（受制） by the different rules of the game.翻译：在全球范围内从事商务活动就必须非常了解在不同国家进行竞争的正式及非正式规则，基于制度的观点认为企业的成功与失败都受制于不同的游戏规则。【formal rules】：requirements that treat（对待） domestic and foreign firms as equals enhance（增加）the potential（可能性） odds（几率） for foreign firms success.正式规则：平等对待本

12、土和外资企业，将增加外资企业成功的可能性。【informal rules】：cultures, ethics, and norms（规范） that play an important part in shaping（塑造）the success and failure of firms around the globe.非正式规则：文化、道德和行为规范也对企业在全球的成功和失败发挥着巨大的作用。18.第二个核心观点：基于资源观点：A firms resources and capabilities-internal（主要考虑内部能力）【liability of foreignness】：in

13、herent（固有的）disadvantage that foreign firms experience in host countries because of their nonnative（非本地的）status（状态、地位）.take it for granted-ethnocentric（种族优越感）翻译：外商劣势：这种非本国的身份是外国企业在东道国的固有劣势。19.【globalization】：close economic integration（集成） of countries and peoples of the worlds.翻译：全球化：密切的经济一体化的国家和人民的世

14、界。20.【semi-globalization】：strategy（战略） that suggests that barriers（障碍） to market integration（集成） at borders（国界） are high but not high enough to completely insulate（隔离） countries from each other.翻译：半全球化意味着国与国之间市场一体化的障碍较高，但又不至于使国与国之间完全隔离。21.【nongovernment organizations (NGOs)】：heterogeneous organizati

15、ons with numerous classifications:advocacy（主张）：environmentalists（环境保护者）, human rights activists（人权维护者）, consumers（消费者协会）, etc. that raise awareness（增强意识）, acceptance（接纳）, and knowledge by lobbying（游说）, press work（印刷品）, and activist events（维权事件）。 operational：design and implementation（实现） of developme

16、nt-related projects（开发相关的项目） that may stress（强调） service delivery or participation（参与）; can be religious or secular（宗教与世俗）; can be more public- or private-oriented（民营）; can be community-based（社区为本）, national, or international.22. international organization: IMF，WB，WTO，UNCTAD，OCED第二章：Understanding Po

17、litics, laws, and Economics（理解政治、法律和经济）1.【institutions】：formal and informal policies popularly known as “the rules of the game”.翻译：制度也就是通常所说的游戏规则，分为正式的和非正式的制度。2【institution-based view】：leading（主要的） perspective（观点）on global business in which firms constantly（不断地）monitor（监测）, decode（破译）, and adapt（使适应

18、） to the changing rules of the game to survive and prosper（成功）.翻译：基于制度理论的主要观点是企业的成功取决于企业为了生存和发展，要不断地监控、解读和适应不断变化的游戏规则。3.【institutional framework】：formal and informal institutions governing（支配） individual and firm behavior.翻译：一个制度框架是由支配个人和企业行为的正式和非正式的制度所构成。4.【formal institutions】：laws, regulations, a

19、nd rules.翻译：正式的制度包括法律、规章和规则。以规章支柱做支撑。 5.【regulatory pillar】：coercive (强制的，强迫的；高压的) power of governments.翻译：规章支柱是指政府的强制力。6.【informal institutions】：institutions represented（代表） by norms, cultures, and ethics.翻译：非正式的制度以规范、文化和道德为代表。以规范支柱和认知支柱为支撑。7.【normative pillar】：how the values, beliefs（信仰）, and acti

20、ons of other relevant（有关的）players（参与者） - collectively（共同的）known as norms（规范）- influence the behavior of focal individuals and firms.翻译：规范支柱是指其他相关参与者的价值观、信仰和行动（统称规范）如何影响个人和企业的行为。8.【cognitive pillar】：internalized（内部化）, taken-for-granted（理所当然）values and beliefs that guide individual and firm behavior.翻

21、译：认知支柱，表示被内部化了的、被认为是理所当然的指导个人和企业行为的那些价值观和信仰。9.【WHAT DO INSTITUTIONS DO?】（制度的作用是什么）key role is to reduce uncertainty（不确定性） by influencing individuals and firms decision making by signaling which conduct（管理）is legitimate（合法的）and acceptable and which is not.翻译：制度的关键作用可以简单的概括为降低不确定性。具体来说，制度通过发出什么行为是合法的、

22、可接受的和什么行为是不合法的、不可接受的信号，来影响个人和企业的决策制定。【transaction costs】：costs associated with economic transactions（交易）, costs of doing business.翻译：经济交易的不确定性会产生交易成本，被定义为与经济交易有关的成本，或者更广义的说，是从事商务活动的成本。【opportunism】：self-interest（自身利益） seeking（寻求） with guile（欺诈）. Examples include misleading, cheating, and confusing o

23、ther parties in transactions（交易） that will.翻译：机会主义是指以欺诈的手段寻求自身利益的行为。包括误导、欺骗和迷惑其他的交易伙伴等。这增加了交易成本。【institutional transitions】：fundamental（根本的）and comprehensive（广泛的） changes introduced to the formal and informal rules of the game that affect organizations as players.翻译：制度转型被定义为“对作为参与者的组织产生影响的那些正式和非正式游戏

24、规则的根本而全面的变化”。10. 基于制度观点的两个核心命题1.在一个给定制度框架的正式和非正式的制度性约束内，经理人和企业理性地追求自身的利益并作出选择。2.尽管正式和非正式的制度共同支配着企业的行为。但是，在正式约束不明确或失效的情况下，非正式的约束在为经理人和企业减少不确定性和保持稳定性方面发挥着更大的作用。11.TWO POLITICAL SYSTEMS(两种政治体制)：Democracy（民主制） and Totalitarianism（集权制）。【political risk】：associated with political changes that may negativel

25、y（负面的、消极的） impact domestic and foreign firms.翻译：政治风险由可能对国内和外国企业带来负面影响的政治变化所导致的风险。【Democracy】：political system in which citizens（公民） elect（选出的） representatives（代表人） to govern the country on their behalf（代表）.翻译：民主制是一种公民选举代理人代表他们来治理国家的政治体制。 An individuals right to freedom of expression（表达） and organiza

26、tion is a fundamental aspect（方面）of democracy that is relevant to the effective（有效地）conduct（领导） of global business.翻译：民主制的一个重要方面就是个体自由表达和自由组织的权利，这一点与有效地进行全球商务活动密切相关。【totalitarianism (or dictatorship)】：political system in which one person or party exercises absolute political control over the populati

27、on.翻译：集权制是指某人或某政党对全体公民实施绝对政治控制的一种政治体制。Communist totalitarianism：centers on a communist party.翻译：共产主义集权制：权利集中在政党手中。Right-wing totalitarianism：characterized by intense hatred (仇恨) of communism; one party, typically backed by the military, restricts political freedom, arguing that such freedom would le

28、ad to communism.翻译：右翼集权制：其特征是对共产主义的极端仇视。典型的案例是由军队支持的某个政党限制政治自由，认为这种政治自由会导致共产主义。Theocratic (神权的) totalitarianism：monopolization of political power in the hands of one religious party or group.翻译：神权集权制：是指政治权利被某一宗教政党或宗教团体所垄断。Tribal (部族的;种族的) totalitarianism ：one tribe or ethnic group (which may or may

29、not be the majority of the population) monopolizes political power and oppresses other tribes or ethnic groups.翻译：部落集权制：是指某一部落或种族团体（可能占总人口的多数或少数）垄断了政治权利，并压迫其他的部落或种族团体。12.THREE LEGAL SYSTEMS（三种法律体系）【legal system】：rules of the game on how a countrys laws are enacted（颁布） and enforced（实施）.翻译：法律体系是关于一个国家

30、的法律是如何制定和实施的游戏规则。【civil law】：derived from Roman law and strengthened by Napoleons France, it is the oldest, most influential, and most widely distributed（分布） law around the world.翻译：大陆法起源于罗马法，并在拿破仑时代的法国得以强化，它是“最古老、最具影响力，也是在全世界分布最广的法律体系”。【common law】：shaped（形成） by precedents (先例) and traditions, Engl

31、ish in origin, based on previous judicial（裁判的） decisions（决定）.翻译：普通话起源于英国，它是根据以往裁决的先例和惯例形成的。所有讲英语的国家以及它们的（前）殖民地国家采用的都是普通法。【theocratic law】based on religious teachings(教义).翻译：神权法是一种基于宗教教义的法律体系，如犹太法和伊斯兰法。13.THREE PROPERTY RIGHTS（三种产权）【property rights】legal rights to use an economic property (resource)

32、and to derive（源于）income and benefits from it.翻译：产权是指使用某种经济财产（资源）并从中获取收入和利益的法律权利。Tangible（有形的）Intangible（无形的）【intellectual property】：intangible（无形的）property（所有权） that results from intellectual activity (such as books, videos, and websites).翻译：智力资产特指通过智力活动创造的无形资产（如图书、录像和网站）。【intellectual property righ

33、ts】：rights associated with the ownership of intellectual property.翻译：知识产权是指与智力资产所有权相联系的权利。 主要包括专利、版权和注册商标相联系的权利。Patents：legal rights awarded（获得）by government authorities（官方）to inventors of new products or processes（过程）, who are given exclusive（独有的） (monopoly垄断) rights to derive（源于） income from inven

34、tions through activities such as manufacturing, licensing（许可）, or selling.翻译：专利是指政府部门赋予新产品、新工艺发明者的一种通过生产、许可或出售的方式从其发明中获取收益的独有的法律权利。Copyrights：exclusive（独有的）legal rights of authors and publishers to publish and disseminate（传播）their work.翻译：版权是指作者或出版商出版、传播其作品的独有的法律权利。Trademarks：exclusive（独有的）legal rig

35、hts of firms to use specific（特定的）names, brands, and designs to differentiate（区分）their products from others.翻译：商标是指企业使用特定的名称、品牌和设计以使其产品与其他企业产品相区别的独有的法律权利。14.THREE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS（三种经济体制）【economic system】：rules of the game on how a country is governed economically.翻译：经济体制是指一个国家如何治理经济的游戏规则。market econ

36、omy：characterized（特征） by the “invisible hand” of market forces（力量）.翻译：市场经济体制是以市场力量这只“看不见的手”为特征的一种经济体制。政府采取放任自由的不干预做法。command economy：all factors of production are government- or state-owned and controlled, and all supply, demand, and pricing are planned by the government.翻译：计划经济体制是指所有的生产要素都要由政府或国家所有

37、和控制，所有的供应、需求和定价也要由政府来计划。mixed economy：characterized by elements of both a market economy and a command economy.翻译：混合经济体制是指一种既有市场经济成分又有计划经济成分的经济体制。15.【Path dependency】: the present choices of countries (as well as firms and individuals) are constrained（驱使）by the choices made previously. 翻译：路径依赖，即国家（以

38、及企业和个人）的目前选择会受到之前所做选择的影响。16. 实践启示：当进入一个新的国家时，你要做一些功课；要对支配企业行为的该国的正式制度有一个彻底的了解。在一个习惯于非正式关系交易的国家从事商务活动时，坚持立刻形成合同可能产生事与愿违的后果。17.【Herd mentality】：a behavior influenced by the movement of the crowd (or the herd成群) with little independent judgment（判断力）.翻译：从众心理是指一种没有独立判断力，仅依照群体活动来做出自身行为的心理现象。练习题：True/False

39、：1.Two “pillars” the regulatory and the normative pillarsupport formal and informal institutions. 2.An important source of transaction cost is opportunism, defined as self-interest seeking with guile.3.Market transition debate is a practical debate about how to make the transition to a market econom

40、y in the most effective and least disruptive way. 4.The “invisible hand” of market forces noted by Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations in 1776 characterizes a pure market economy. 5.Managers should develop herd mentality. Multiple-choice：1. _ refers to the internalized, taken for granted values and

41、beliefs that guide individual and firm behavior.a.Normative pillarb.Regulatory pillarc.Cognitive pillard.None of these answers2. Civil law can be best described by which of the following statements?a.It is the oldest, most influential, and most widely distributed law around the world.b.English in or

42、igin and shaped by precedents and traditions from previous judicial decisions.c.It is based on religious beliefs.d.Has more flexibility because judges have to resolve specific disputes based on their interpretation of the law. 3. Jewish and Islamic law are examples of:a.Common lawb.Theocratic lawc.C

43、ivil lawd.Quasi-democracy4. IRPs primarily include rights associated with:a.Copyrightsb.Patentsc.Trademarksd.All of these answers5.The highest per capita income country is:a.Denmarkb.Japanc.Norwayd.Burundi 第三章：Emphasizing Cultures, Ethics, and Norms(重视文化、道德和规范)1.【informal institutions】：socially tran

44、smitted information and are part of the heritage that we call cultures, ethics, and norms.翻译：非正式制度包括文化、道德和规范。【ethnocentrism】：self-centered mentality(心理)within a society; people tend to perceive(理解) their own culture, ethics, and norms as “natural, rational, and morally right”翻译：民族中心主义是指身处某个社会环境中的人们倾

45、向于认为自己的文化、道德和规范是“自然、合理和道德上正确的”。2.【culture】：national identity of nation-statesProf. Geert Hofstede：conducted（管理）perhaps the most comprehensive（全面的）study of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture: “the collective（集体的）programming（规划）of the mind”which distinguishes（区分）the members of one g

46、roup or category（种类）of people from another”翻译：吉尔特霍夫斯泰德进行了有关“价值在工作场所如何受文化影响）最全面的研究。文化是指“一个人群的的成员与另一个人群的成员相区分的共同思维方式。”（如无特别说明，我们将使用文化一词代表国家文化。）3.【lingua franca】：dominance（优势） of one language as a global business language.翻译：通用语言是指作为全球商务普遍用语。English-speaking countries contribute the largest share of gl

47、obal output.翻译：讲英语的国家占全球总产出的最大份额。globalization calls for the use of one common language.翻译：全球化也要求使用一种通用的语言。nonnative speakers of English who can master（精通）English increasingly command a premium（溢价）in jobs and compensation（回报）.翻译：母语非英语但却能掌握英语的人越来越多地在工作中赢得了额外的奖励与回报。expatriate（驻外）manager not knowing th

48、e local language misses a lot of cultural subtleties(微妙之处) and can only interact（互相影响） with locals fluent in English.翻译：一个不懂当地语言的驻外经理会忽视许多文化细节，并且只能跟英语流利的本地人交流。4.RELIGION（宗教）set of common beliefs and practices generally held by a group of people, often codified(编成法典) as prayer(经文), ritual(仪式), and re

49、ligious law翻译：一套普通法的信仰和实践通常由一群人将经文编纂成法典，仪式和宗教法律。religion（宗教） also encompasses（包含） ancestral（祖先的）or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology（神话）, as well as personal faith and mystic experience翻译：宗教也包括祖先或文化传统、著作、历史、神话、以及个人信仰和神秘经历。leading religions: Christianity (approximately 1.7 billion

50、 adherents), Islam (1 billion), Hinduism (750 million) and Buddhism (350 million)翻译：主要宗教:基督教(大约17亿信徒)、伊斯兰教(10亿),印度教佛教(7.5亿)和(3.5亿)5.CLASSIFYING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES（分化差异的分类）（1）The Context Approach.（语境法）【context】：underlying（潜在的）background upon which interaction（相互作用） takes place.翻译：语境是相互交流发生的潜在背景。【lo

51、w-context cultures】：culture in which communication is usually taken at face value without much reliance on unspoken（不言而喻的）context.翻译：低语境文化，沟通往往是直截了当的而不会较多依赖于不明说的语境。【high-context cultures】：culture in which communication relies a lot on the underlying（潜在的）unspoken context, which is as important as the

52、 words used.翻译：高语境文化，沟通则更多的依赖于没有明说的语境，它与说出来的话同样重要。（2）The Cluster Approach.（族群法）【cluster】：countries that share similar cultures together as one.翻译：族群法将拥有相似文化的国家组成为一个族群three influential sets of clusters: Ronen and Shenkar, GLOBE, and Huntington civilizations翻译：有三种族群，分别为：Ronen与Shenkar族群, 全球族群, 亨廷顿文明。【c

53、ivilization】：highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have.翻译：文明是“对人最高的人化归类，是人们文化认同的最广范围。”6.The Dimension Approach【dimension approach】：has endeavored（尽力）to overcome（克服的）limitations（限制）:context only represents one dimension.翻译：尽管语境法颇具洞察力，但语境只代表了一个方面cluste

54、r approach has relatively little to offer regarding differences among countries within one cluster.翻译：族群法较少涉及同一族群内的国家/地区之间的差别。【power distance】extent（程度）to which less powerful members within a country expect and accept that power is distributed（分配）unequally.翻译：权力距离是指一个国家中，权力较小的人所期望并能够接受的权力分配分配不平等的程度。

55、【individualism】：perspective（透视图）that the identity of an individual is fundamentally（从根本上）his or her own .翻译：个人主义是指个体特性以自我为中心的观点【collectivism】：idea that the identity of an individual is primarily（主要）based on the identity of his or her collective（集体的）group.翻译：集体主义是指个体特性由其所属的集体（如家庭、村镇或企业）特性所决定。【masculi

56、nity】：sex-role differentiation；【femininity】：sex-role differentiation翻译：男性特征与女性特征维度表示了性别角色的差异。【uncertainty avoidance】：extent（程度）to which members in different cultures accept ambiguous（不确定的）situations and tolerate（忍受）uncertainty. 翻译：不确定性规避是指不同文化环境中的人们接受不确定的状况和忍受不确定性的程度。【long-term orientation】：emphasiz

57、es（强调）perseverance（坚持）and savings for future betterment.翻译：长期导向强调了为了使将来更美好而坚持和储蓄。7.Ethics（道德）【ethics】：principles（原则）, standards, and norms（规范）of conduct（指导）governing individual and firm behavior.翻译：道德指指导和支配个人和企业行为的一系列准则、标准和规范。【code of conduct】：set of guidelines（指导方针）for making ethical decisions.翻译：行

58、为准则是指一系列用于制定道德决策的指导方针。【ethical relativism】：“When in Rome, do as the Romans do” .翻译：道德相对主义遵循成语“入乡随俗”。【ethical imperialism】：absolute（完全）belief that “there is only one set of Ethics (with a capital E), and we have it”.翻译：道德帝国主义，认为“只有唯一的道德体系，那就是自己的道德体系。”三条“中间路线”指导原则：（1）尊重人的尊严和基本权利；（2）尊重当地的传统；（3）尊重制度环境。【

59、corruption】：abuse of public power for private benefits usually in the form of bribery（贿赂）.翻译：腐败，是指以受贿（现金或其他）的形式滥用公众赋予的权力来谋取私利。Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) - US law enacted in 1977 that bans bribery to foreign officials翻译：1977年美国颁布禁止贿赂外国官员的反海外腐败法。【norms】：prevailing（普遍的）practices of relevant（相

60、关的）players that affect individuals and firms.翻译：规范是对某个个体或企业产生影响的任何其它相关行为人的普遍做法。*面对道德挑战的反应策略8.海外经营的六条经验法则（1）准备充分；（2）不急于求成；（3）建立信任；（4）了解语言的重要性；（5）尊重文化差异；（6）了解没有一种文化在所有方面都是最优的。练习题：Multiple Choice:Culture is defined in the text as: The communication between members of similar location.The collective pro