阅读理解-段落主旨

1、阅读理解精读与泛读二小主旨题命题分析小主旨即段落主旨，要求根据段落的意义做题。这种题目的考察方式往往有两种，一种是直接 问文章某段话的主要意义；另一种问文章中的某句话或某个例子用于证明什么。常见的提问方式What is the paragraph 5 mainly about.We can learn from the paragraph 2 that(注意：这种题目也可以是细节题)We can learn from the last paragraph that.By mention XXX , the author mainly intends to tell us that.The au

2、thor mention XXX to show that.The main idea of the paragraph 5 is that.解题思路Step 1:粗读文章明大意，了解文章主旨。Step 2:定位回相应段落，找出段落主旨。段落主旨位置分布情况：.段落首句。.首句后出现转折，段落次句。.段落末旬。.上一段末旬。.下一段首句(往往段落为开头段落)。第1页/共13页经典例题2019山东DHow fit are your teeth? Are you lazy about brushing them? Never fear: An inventor is on the case. An

3、 electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush , and it lets you track your performance on your phone.The Kolibr ee toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone

4、or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection.The toothbr ush will be able to teach you to brush right (don forget the insides of the teeth!) and make sure you re brushing long enough.It s kofdike having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a day-to-day basis says Thomas Serval the French inven

5、tor.The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone , so developers could ， for instance ， create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could score points for beating monsters mong your teeth. “We try to make it smart but alsofuSeveral says.Serval says he was inspire

6、d by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes ” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.The company says the Kolibree will go on

7、sale this summe$ for $99 to $199, developing on features. The U.S. is the first target market.Serval says that one day, it IHe possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has a camera. The camera can even examine holes in your teeth while you brush.What is Paragraph 5

8、mainly about?How Serval found out his kids lied to him.Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush.分析文章结构，总-分。第一段：一种新的电子牙刷功能高大上。第二段：Kolibree的出现。第2页/共13页第三段：电子牙刷功能一。第四段：电子牙刷功能二。第五段：电子牙刷发明灵感来源。第七段：电子牙刷发展方

9、向：更加高大上。本文也是总分结构 ,中心主旨为： An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush , and it lets you track your performance on your phone. 即本文首段末句。.长难句分析： Serval says that one day, it ll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has a camera.选项分析：B、C两个选项中的nece

10、ssary taught第三段没有出现，典型的无中生有，迅速 火速排除。A选项为文中具体的细节，是栗子不是主旨。D选项与段落主旨句同义替换，完美。经典例题二We all know how important human life isit priceless. It doesn m atter where you are from or what the color of your skins is all people are human beings. Firstly, we can tell you that the lives of your relatives could depen

11、d on your ability to give first aid. If you think highly of human s life this website is for you! Here you can find information about first aid.The very first thing that you should do when you see an accident is to evaluate the situation and prevent further dangerous incidents. First of all , you ha

12、ve to recognize what has happened and what the dangers to rescuers and victims are. Think about how to take care of the victims.Helping usually takes place in very difficult conditions and injuries can be very bad. Therefore, you cannot be too afraid of making mistakes to help. Sometimes you have to

13、 face the fact that regardless of your actions and your efforts the victim s condition mighrtei ot shprovecould even die. In some caseseven professional medical aid may not succeed. If you have done everything you think you should do, you shouldn t feel guilty.Do not expose yourself to danger. Givin

14、g first aid can be dangerous. While trying to help a victim , do not forget about your own safety. If something happens to you, you won t be able to help anyone.Call for help after you find out the condition of a victim. But remember if a victim faints due第3页/共13页to breathing failure caused by drown

15、ing, choking or poisoning, you should first take actions that help to bring back the heart beat and breathing. While calling , talk shortly but clearly. Always provide the following information: the location of the accident, the kind of accident, the number of the injured and your full name and phon

16、e number and so on.What s the main idea of Paragraph 3?You should learn some professional knowledge about first aid.You shouldn t feel guilty if you don t know about first aid.Try your best to give first aid and don t be afraid of making mistakesDon t make mistakes when you are giving first aid.分析文章

17、结构，总-分。第一段：引出话题，急救。第二段：急救的措施一：避免危险恶化。第三段：急救的措施二：适当提供帮助。第四段：急救的措施三：保护好自己。第五段：急救的措施四：发现情况，及时求助。本文总分结构，中心主旨为：information about first aid.长难句分析： Sometimes you have to face the fact that regardless of your actions and your efforts the victim s condition might not improve or she could even die.选项分析：第三段的段落

18、主旨并非第三段首句。Therefore表因此，作为总结性词语，因此后面强调的是重点。所以段落主旨其实是次句。此题类似于转折词出现后，主旨旬为后一句的情 况。Therefore, you cannot be too afraid of making mistakes to help止匕旬意思为，不要因为害怕 犯错而提供帮助，与C选项同义替换。D选项与正确选项出处相同，但是故意曲解原意，方向 与原文完全相反。A、B选项均在本段，但是位置不同，是细节不是主旨，且方向相反，错误。经典例题三Whether in the home or the workplace , social robots are

19、going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday第4页/共13页 world in a more humanized way , said Cynthia Breazeal , chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.While household robots today do the normal housework , social robots will be

20、much morelike companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.The Jibo robot arranged to ship later this year is designed to be a personalized assistant.You can talk to the robo

21、t ask it questions and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn t just deliver general answers to questionst responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family

22、photos.Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The comply s “Oshbot robot is

23、 built to assist customers in a store which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.The more interaction the robot has wit

24、h humans , the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots， is not intended to replace workers， but to work alongside other employees.“Wehave technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us, “ said Breazeal.We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots wil

25、l.train employeesbe our workmatesimprove technologiestake the place of workers.分析文章结构，总-分-总。第一段：社交机器人更加人性化。第二段：社交机器人与家用机器人的不同。第三段：Jibo机器人的功能：个人助手。第四段：社交机器人的应用第5页/共13页第五段：总结：社交机器人发展趋势-与人类共同工作 本文总分结构 ,中心主旨为：Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way。.长难句分

26、析： But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers but to work alongside other employees.选项分析：最后一段只有三句话，要确定到底哪一句是段落主旨，就看中间那句话是靠哪边 站的。明显，第二旬与第三句表达的意思是一致的，因此可以确定段落主旨应该是第三句。这 句话考察的点是but表转折，转折后面是重点，强调 with us= our workmates。选B。A、C两 个选项与答案出处相同，但位置在转折的前面，哪怕此处读不懂，都应该判断是错误的。D选项答案范围不

27、在主旨句，且方向错误。经典例题四With the possible exception of equal rights , perhaps the most heated argument across the United States today is the death penalty（死开1J）. Many argue that it is an effective deterrent（ 威慑） to murder , while others think there is no enough proof that the death penalty reduces the numbe

28、r of murders.The argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment , that it is the mark of a bad society and finally that it is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.In our opinion , the death penalty is a necessary action. Thr

29、oughout recorded history there have always been those peculiar persons in every society who made terrible crimes such as murder. But some are more dangerous than others. For exampje it is one thing to take the life of another in time of blind anger, but quite another to coldly plan and carry out the

30、 murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. Thus murder, like all other crimes, is a matter of different degree. While it could be argued with some reason that the criminal in the first instance should be merely kept from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.

31、第6页/共13页The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to discussion. But the majority of people believe that the death penalty protects them. Their belief is proved by the fact thatthe death penalty prevents murder. For example from 1954 to 1963, when the death penalty was carri

32、ed out from time to time in California ， the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100 000 population. Since 1964 the death penalty has been done only onceand the murder rate has risen to 10.4 murders for each 100, 000 population. The sharp climb in the states murder rate whic

33、h began when killings stopped, does not happen by chance. It certainly shows that the death penalty does deter many murderers. If the law about death penalty is vetoed（ 决）, some people will be murdered some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect. This is really a life or

34、 death matter. The lives of thousands of people must be protected.The main purpose of this passage is to.A. speak for the majorityB. support a vetoC. speak ill of the governmentD. argue for the value of the death penalty3. The numbers in the last paragraph show that .if they stick to death penalty,

35、the number of murders will be reduceddeath penalty almost stopped from 1954 to 1963 C. the population of California has risen D. death penalty is of little value.分析文章结构，总-分-总。第一段：提出关于死刑争论的两个观点。第二段：反对方的观点。第三段：支持方的观点。第四段：总结：大都数人支持正方观点。本文总分结构 ,中心主旨为： The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to cri

36、me may be open to discussion.本分是总分总结构，主旨句有可能在首段，也可能出现在末段。首段末句提 出两个观点，基本可以概括全文。但是末段首句的总结更加简洁明了，突出主旨。.长难句分析：The argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty is that it is cruel第7页/共13页 and inhuman punishment , that it is the mark of a bad society and finally that it is of questionable effec

37、tiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.选项分析：末段首句是文章的中心主旨，首句之后的转折，则是本段主旨。找到本段主旨后其实已经可以利用态度来判断出正确选项了。而实际上，答案句所在位置是主旨句的后面一句。这种情况很常见，往往后面一句是对前一句解释或者补充说明，实际上也是在表达主旨的内容。D选项与主旨句出处相同，但是方向相反。B、C两个选项出处错误。经典例题五The Peales were a famous family of American artists. Charles Wilson Peale is best remembered for his

38、 portraits（人物肖像）of leading figures of the American Revolution. He paintedportraits of Franklin and Jefferson and over a dozen of George WashingtonHis life-size portrait of his sons Raphaelle and Titian was so realistic that George Washington reportedly once tipped his hat to the figures in the pictu

39、re.Charles Wilson Peale gave up painting in his middle age and devoted his life to the Peale museum, which he founded in Philadelphia. The world s first popular museum of art and natural science mainly covered paintings by Peale and his family as well as displays of animals in their natural settings

40、. Peale found the animals himself and found a method to make the exhibits more lifelike. The museum s most popular display was the s糊蜘nof a huge, extinct （绝迹的）elephant, which Peale unearthed on a New York farm in 1801.Three of Peale s seventeen children were also famous artists.Raphaelle Peale often

41、 painted still lives of flowers , fruit, and cheese. His brother Rembrandt studied under his father and paintedportraits of many noted people, including one of George Washington. Another brother, RubensPeale painted mostly landscapes（山水， 风景） and portraits.James Peale, the brother of Charles Wilson P

42、eale , specialized （专彳in miniatures （ /、画像）.His daughter Sarah Miriam Peale was probably the first professional female portrait painter in America.What is the main idea of the passage?A. The life of Charles Wilson Peale.B. Portraits in the 18th century.C. The Peale Museum.D. A family of artists.第8页/

43、共13页The author mentions in Paragraph 1 that Washington tipped his hat to the figures in the painting to show that.Charles Wilson Peale s painting was very lifelikeWashington respected Charles Wilson Peale s workWashington was friendly with Raphaelle and Titian Pealethe painting of the two brothers w

44、as very largeThe author s attitude toward the Peales is in general.A. puzzled B. excited C. admiring D. disappointed.分析文章结构，总-分。第一段：Peales一家人绘画很厉害。第二段：Peales建立了博物馆。第三段：Peales的孩子也是画家。第四段：Peales的兄弟亲戚都是画家。本文总分结构 ，中心主旨为：The Peales were a famous family of American artists. 本文的中心 主旨是开门见山型。后面的几段话全部是围绕着Peal

45、es家族擅长绘画等一系列事情而展开的。.长难句分析： The world first popular museum of art and natural science mainly covered paintings by Peale and his family as well as display s（展览）of animals in their natural settings.选项分析：62题可以由段落主旨做出来，是著名画家 一画画很厉害，选A。也可以由结果状 语从句so- that中的realistic做出。So后面的形容词表原因，that后面表示的是结果。B、C、 D是栗子，栗子

46、证明栗子，这逻辑错误。经典例题六In ancient Egypt, a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environment. Modern businesses have been following his lead , with more tactics （策略）.One tactic involves where to display the goods. For example, stores place fruits

47、and vegetablesin the first section. They know that customers who buy the healthy food first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food （垃圾食品）later in their trip. In department stores ,第9页/共13页section is generally next to the women化WSm etcSiOn： while the shop assistant is goingback to find

48、the right size shoe , bored customers are likely to wander over cosmetics they might want to try later.Besides, businesses seek to appeal to customersS tosesisesice that the smell of baked goods encourages shopping they make their own bread each morning and then fan the bread smell into the store th

49、roughout the day. Music sells goods, too. Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played sales of French wine went up.When it comes to the selling of houses , businesses also use highly rewarding tactics. They find that customers make decision in the first few second upon walking in

50、the door and turn it into a business opportunity. A California builder designed the structure of its houses smartly. When entering the house, the customer would see the Pacific Ocean through the windows, and then the poll through an open stairway leading to the lower level. The instant view of water

51、 on both levels helped sell these $10 million houses.42.What is the California builder s storypnive?ed toThe house structure is a key factor customers consider.The more costly the house is the better it sells.An ocean view is much to the customers taste.A good first impression increases sales.分析文章结构

52、，总-分。第一段：现代商人吸引顾客的策略。第二段：策略一，如何展示商品。第三段：策略二，吸引顾客的感觉。第四段：策略三，如何卖房子。既然是总分结构，文章的中心主旨自然在第一段。.选项分析：段落中心主旨句很明显是段落的第一句话。而答案真正所处的位置在文章的第二 句。这与刚才的例题四是一样的道理。第二句是对第一句的解释和补充说明，说明了具体的策略内容是什么。A、B、C出现得范围和出处错误。本题的选项如果不能理解意义，还可以通第10页/共13页过判断干扰项在文中的定位，迅速排除，选出正确选项。因为A、B、C选项均在栗子范围内出现，绝对的错误选项。随堂练习练习一：AHow I Turned to Be

53、 OptimisticI began to grow up that winter night when my parents and I were returning from my aunts hous e and my mother said that we might soon be leaving for America. We were on the bus then . I was crying, and some people on the bus were turning around to look at me. I remember that I could not be

54、ar the thought of never hearing again the radio program for school children to which I listened every morning.I do not remember myself crying for this reason again. In fact, I think I cried very little when I was saying goodbye to my friends and relatives. When we were leaving I thought about all th

55、e places I was going to see-the strange and magical places I had known only from books and pictures. The country I was leaving never to come back was hardly in my head then.The four years that followed taught me the importance of optimism but the idea did not come to me at once. For the first two ye

56、ars in New York I was really lost-having to study in three schools as a result of family moves. I did not quite know what I was or what I should be. Mother remarried, and things became even more complex for me. Some time passed before my stepfather and I got used to each other. I was often sad and s

57、aw no end to the hard times.My responsibilities in the family increased a lot since I knew English better than everyone else at home. I wrote letters, f川ed out forms , translated at interviews with Immigration officers, took my grandparents to the doctor and translated there and even discussed telep

58、hone bills with company representatives.From my experiences I have learned one important rule: almost all common troubles eventually go away! Something good is certain to happen in the end when you do not give up and just wait alittle! I believe that my life will turn out all right even though it wi

59、ll not be that easy. 56.How did the author get to know America?A. From her relatives. B. From her mother. C. From books and pictures. D. From radio第11页/共13页programs.Upon leaving for America the author felt.A. confusedB. excited C. worried D. amazed.For the first two years in New York, the author.A.

60、often lost her wayB. did not think about her futureC. studied in three different schoolsD. got on well with her stepfather. What can we learn about the author from paragraph 4?A. She worked as a translator.B. She attended a lot of job interviews.C. She paid telephone bills for her family. D. She hel