自考现代英语语法学习笔记第二章句子类型

1、考点1考点2学习必备欢迎下载第二章句子类型Sentencetype2.0Introduction句子类型和作用4种主要句型，陈述句(declarative)，疑问句(interrogative)，祈使句(imperative)，感叹句(exclamatives)1.Statementsareassociatedwithdeclarativesandprimaryconcernedwithgivinginformation.2.Questionsareassociatedwithinterrogativesandprimaryconcernedwithrequiringinfo.3.Comman

2、dsareassociatedwithimperativesandprimaryconcernedwithrequiringactions.4.Exclamationsareassociatedwithexclamativesandprimaryconcernedwithexpressingthespeakersimpressionofsomething.2.1Statements陈述句陈述句通常分为肯定陈述句（Assertion肯定句）和非肯定句（NonAssertion非肯定句），与这两种陈述句用法相关联的有3类词，肯定词(Assertive)，否定词(Negative)和非肯定词(Non

3、assertive)。AssertionPositiveandDeclarativePositiveSentenceInterrogativeNonAssertionNegativeNegative2.1.1肯定词(Assertive)，否定词(Negative)和非肯定词(Nonassertive)以及使用AssertiveNonassertiveAssertiveWordsNonassertiveWordsNegativeWordsSomeAnyNoSomebodyAnybodyNobody.OneortheotherNeitherNeitherStillAnymore,Anylonger

4、Nomore,NolongerAlreadyYet*Positivestatementsusuallymakeassertion,thereforeweuseassertivewords.Questionsareusuallynonassertive,buttheycanbeassertivewhenanpositiveanswerisexcepted,therefore,bothassertive&nonassertivewordscanbeused.*Negativestatementsoftenuse1:not+Nonassertiveword;2:NegativewordIdonoth

5、aveanynewsforyou.Ihavenonewsforyou.*NonassertivewordsinNonassertivecontext.1.接在有否定意思的词后Theyrefusedtostayhereanylonger.2.If从句ifanyonecallsme,itmustbeJohn.3.putativeshould从句itsoddthatsheshouldsayanythinglikethat.4.比较句，heisbetterthananyoneelseintheclass.考点3学习必备欢迎下载2.1.2Negation否定句a.否定词一般是no,not,加强否定词：n

6、ever,notatall,notasingle,bynomeans,notabit,notintheleast,半否定词，negativeinmeaningbutnotinappearance.Seldom,Hardly,Rarely,barely,scarcely,little,fewb.否定范围1.thescopeextendsfromnegativewordstotheendofthesentence.2.Differentintonationonendplaceadverbial.3.thescopedoesntincludedisjunctionorconjuncts.4.Apar

7、ticularstress.(intonation)5.Allandeveryindifferentstress.(Intonation)c.否定转移transfernegation考点4normallyoccurswiththewordsexpress”:opinion”think,believe,suppose,image,expert,Idontthinkhewillcome.butthesewords:assume,fear,surmise,presume.Idontassumethattheyvealreadywonthegame.Iassumethattheyhaventwonth

8、egame.2.2Questions疑问句4种句型，一般疑问句YES-NOQuestion,特殊疑问句WH-question,选择疑问句alternativequestion,附加疑问句tagquestion.YES-NOQUESTIONS作用:queryingthetruthofastatement.特点：用non-assertivewords.作用:askingforconfirmationofspeakersassumption.特点:AYES-NOQuestionwithpositiveorientationuseassertivewordsinsteadofnonassertive.

9、Doyouhavesomequestions?(expecttosayyes,)作用:expressthespeakersnegativeattitudetowardshisownassumption.特点：negativeorientation,withnegativewords.Dontyouhaveanysenseofhumor?(Ithoughtyouhad,butyoudont)作用：asimperative特点：negativeorientation,withnegativewords.Wontyoucomein?/sitdown?作用：asexclamation特点：negati

10、veorientation,withnegativewords.isntitlovely?WHQUESTIONS特殊疑问句作用：requiresomespecificinformationInthereply.Notquerythetruthofthestatement,butaskfordetailsaboutapartofit.考点5考点6学习必备欢迎下载AlternativeQuestion选择疑问句Twosubclasses:1)formedonthebasisofYES-NOQuestion,2)formedonthebasisofWH-Question.Wouldyoulikete

11、aorcoffee?Tea,please.No,thanks.(coffee升调)Whatwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?Tea,please.TagQuestion附加疑问句Thetagcanbespokenwithrisingtoneandfallingtone.Risingtone(likeayes-noquestion):Expressthespeakersneutralexpectationofthehearersresponse,andinvitethehearertoverifythetruthofthepropositioninthestatement.Fal

12、lingtone（similartoexclamation）:thespeakeraskforthehearersconfirmationofthestatementratherthanverificationthetruth.Irregularquestiontags.*Lets.,shallwe?*Everyoneishere,isnthe?Isntthey?*Have做助动词时，反义疑问句用haventYouhavealreadyheardthenews,haventyou?Haveto词组，用doTheyhavetoliveontheirown,dontthey?Have除了表述“占有

13、，拥有”时，都用dontYouhadyourhaircut,dontyou?Youhavealotoffriends,haventyou?Dontyou?May用cant做反义疑问句。Oughtto用shouldnt做反义疑问句。2.3Commands祈使句祈使句的强调形式：1.加主语You,但不可加please了。Youbepatient;youshutup.2.句首加doDobequiet.祈使句的否定形式1.Dont+Nonassertivewords.EatsomethingDonteatanything.2.Let祈使句，在let后加not或在句首加dontLetmetryagain.Letmenottryagain.Dontletmetryagain.考点7学习必备欢迎下载2.4Exclamations感叹句2majortypes:What-exclamationsandHow-exclamations.What-exclamations:canbesubject,object,complement,adverbial可修饰单数，复数以及不可数名词。Whatalargeantisapproaching!(Subject)Whatastrangefriendyouhave.(Object)What