我有很多栗子美国内战

1、For events following South Carolinas declaration of se from the Union, see Battle of Fort Sumter and American Civil War.The main explanation for the origins of the American Civil War is slavery, espe lly Southern anger at the attempts by Northern antislavery political for to block the expan of slave

2、ry othe western territories. Southern slave owners held t such a restrictio slavery would violate the principle of s es rights. In 1860, the election of Abraham Lincoln, who won the national election withoutreceiving a single electoral vote from any of the Southern s es, triggered declarations of se

3、from the United S es by slave s es of the Deep South, and their formation of the Confederate S es ofAmerica. Nationalists ( he Nor nd elsewhere) refused to recognize se, nor did any foreign ernment. War began in April 1861 when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, a major fortress held bythe U.S. in l

4、anded by the Confederacy.As a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself t sparked the war.1 S es rights and thetariff i e became entangled he slavery i e, and were ensified by it.2 Oth

5、er important factors were party politics, Abolitionism, Southern nationalism, Northernnationalism, expanism, sectionalism, economics and modernization he Antebellum Period.The United S es hade a nation of two distinct regions. The free s es in New England, the Northeast, and the Midwest 3 had a ra l

6、y-growing economy base family farms, industry, mining,commerce and transpor ion, w large and ra ly growing urban population. Their growth was fed by a high birth rate and large numbers of European immigrants, espe lly Irish, British and German. TheSouth was dominated by a settled plan ion system bas

7、e slavery. There was some ra growth taking place he Southwest, (e.g., Texas), base high birth rates and high migration from the Southeast,but i d a much lower immigration rate from Europe. The Sou lso had fewer large cities, and little manufacturing except in border areas. Slave owners contro led po

8、litics and economics, though about 70% ofSouthern whites owned no slaves and usually were engaged in subsistence agriculture.Overall, the Northern population was growing mu ore quickly n the Southern population, whi ade it increasingly difficult for the South to continue to influence the national er

9、nment. By the time ofthe 1860 election, the heavily agricultural southern s es as a group had fewer Electoral College votes n the ra ly industrializing northern s es. Lincoln was able to w he 1860ialelection without even being on the ballot en Southern s es. Southerners felt a loss of federal concer

10、n for Southern pro-slavery po itical demands, and continued domination of the Federal ernmentby Slaveocracy was on the wane. This political calculus provided a very real basis for Southerners worry about the relative political decline of their region due to the North growing much faster erms ofpopul

11、ation and industrial output.he erest of ma aining unity, politi ns had mostly moderated op ition to slavery, resulting in numerous compromise ch as the Missouri Compromise of 1820. After the Mexican-American War, thei e of slavery he new territories led to the Compromise of 1850. While the compromis

12、e averted an immediate po itical crisis, it did not permanently resolve the i e of the Slave er (the er ofslaveholders to control the national ernment).Amid the emergence of increasingly virulent and hostile sectional ideologies in national politics, the collapse of the old Second Party System he 18

13、50s h ered efforts of the politi ns to reach yet one morecompromise. The compromise t was reached (the Kansas-Nebraska Act) outraged too many northerners. he 1850s, with the rise of the Republican Party, the major party with no appeal he South,the industrializing Nor nd agrarian Midwest became commi

14、tted to the economic ethos of free-labor industrial capitalism.Arguments t slavery was undesirable for the nation had long existed, and early in U.S. history were made even by some prominent Southerners. After 1840, abolitionists denounced slavery as not only a so levil but a moral wrong. Many North

15、erners, espe lly leaders of the new Repub ican Party, considered slavery a great national evil and be ved t a small number of Southern owners of large plan ionscontrolled the national ernment with the goal of spreading t ev l. Southern defenders of slavery, for their part, increasingly came to conte

16、nd t black ually benefited from slavery, an assertion ta nated Northerners even further.Contentshide1 Backgroundo 1.1 Early Republico o oo1.2 Missouri Compromise1.3 Nullification Crisis1.4 Gag Rule debates1.5 Antebellum Sou nd the Union1.5.1 Southern culture1.5.2 Militant defense of slavery1.5.3 Lit

17、erature1.5.4 Southern fears of modernization1.5.5 Southern fears of modernityoo1.6 Sectional ten s and the emergence of mass politics1.7 Economics1.7.1 Economic value of slavery to the South1.7.2 Regional economic differen1.7.3 Free labor vs. pro-slavery argumentso1.8 Religiousover the slavery quest

18、ion2 Abolitionism2.1 Arguments for and against slavery2.2 Free soil movement3 Slavery question erritories acquired from Mexico4 S es rights4.1 S es rights and slavery4.2 S es rights and minority rights5 The Compromise of 1850o 5.1 Fugitive Slave Law i es6 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)o 6.1 Founding of

19、the Republican Party (1854)7 Fragmen ion of the American party systemo o oo7.1 Bleeding Kansas and the elections of 18567.2 Dred Scott deci (1857) and thepton Constitution7.3 Republicans and anti-administration Democrats7.4 Assault on Sumner (1856)8 Emergence of Lincoln8.1 Republican Party structure

20、8.2 Sectional battles over federal policy he late 1850s8.2.1 Lincoln-Douglas DebateseditBackgroundeditEarly RepublicSee also: Three-fifths compromise and Hartford ConventionAt the time of the American Revolution, the institution of slavery was firmly established he American colonies. It was most imp

21、ortant he six southern s es from Maryland to Ge a, but the total of a halfmillion slaves were spread out through all of the colonies. he South 40% of the population was made up of slaves, and as Americans moved o Kentucky and the rest of the southwest fully one-sixth of thesettlers were slaves. Byof

22、 the war, the New England s es provided most of the American ships t were used he foreign slave trade while most of their customers were in Ge ia and theCarolinas. During this time many Americans found it difficult to reconcile slavery with theirre on of Christianity and the lof ty sentiments t flow

23、ed from the Declaration of Independence. A small antislaverymovement, led by the Quakers, had some impact he 1780s and by the late 1780s all of the s es except f e a h aced some restrictions on their participation in slave trafficking. Still, no seriousnational political movement against slavery dev

24、eloped, largely due to the overriding concern over achieving nationa ity.5 When the Constitutional Convention met, slavery was the one i e t left the leastsibility of compromise, the one t would most pit morality against pragmatism.6 he end, while many would take comfort he fact t the word slavery n

25、ever occurs he Constitution, critics note tthe three-fifths clause provided slaveholders with extra represen ives in Congress, the requirement of the federal ernment to suppress domestic would dedicate national resour to defendingagainst slave revolts, a twenty year delay in banning he import of sla

26、ves allowed the South to fortify its labor needs, and the amendment pro s made the national abolition of slavery very un ikely heforeseeable future. 78.2.2 Background8.2.3 Panic of 1857 and sectional realignments8.2.4 Southern response8.3 John Brown and Harpers Ferry (1859)8.4 Elections of 18608.5 S

27、plit he Democratic Party8.6 Southern se8.7 -slavery related causesFort SumterOnset of the Civil War and the question of compromiseContemporaneous explanationsSee alsoNotesReferenFurther reading15.1 Historiography15.2 Needless war school15.3 Economic causation and modernization15.4 Nationalism and cu

28、lture15.5 Slavery as causeExternal linksWith the outlawing of the African slave trade on January 1, 1808 many Americans felt t the slavery i e was resolved.8 Any national discust migh ve continued over slavery was drowned out bythe years of trade embargoes, maritime competition with Great Britain an

29、d France, and, finally, the War of 1812. The one exception to this quiet regarding slavery was New Englanders asso tion of theirfrustration with the war with their resentment of the three-fifths clause t seemed to allow the South to dominate national politics.9he aftermath of the American Revolution

30、, the northern s es (north of the Mason-Dixon Liparating Pennsylvania and Maryland) abolished slavery by 1804. he 1787 Northwest Ordinance, Congress(stil der the Articles of Confederation) barred slavery from the Mid-Western territory north of the Ohio River, but when the U.S. Congress anized the so

31、uthern territories acquired through the LouisianaPurchase, the ba slavery was omitted.editMissouri CompromiseMain article: Missouri CompromiseIn 1819 Congressman James Tallmadge, Jr. of New York initiated an uproar he South when he pro ed two amendments to a bill admitting Missouri to the Union as a

32、 free s e. The barred slaves frombeing moved to Missouri, and the second would free all Missouri slaves born after admis to the Union at age 25.10 Wi h the admis of Alabama as a slave s e in 1819, the U.S. was equally dividedwith 11 slave s es and 11 free s es. The admis of the new s e of Missourias

33、 a slave s e would give the slave s es a majority he Senate; the Tallmadge Amendment would give the free s es amajority.The Tallmadge amendments passed the House of Represen ves but failed he Senate when five Northern Senators voted wi ll the Southern senators.11 The question was now the admis of Mi

34、ssourias a slave s e, and many leaders shared Thomas Jeffersons fear of a crisis over slaverya fear t Jefferson described as a fire be l he night. The crisis was solved by the Compromise of 1820, whichadmitted Maine to the Union as a free s e at the same time t Missouri was admitted as a slave s e.

35、The Compromise also banned slavery he Louisiana Purchase territory nor nd west of the s e ofe unt l its limi ions on slavery were repealed by the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854. 12he South, the Missouri crisis reawakened old fears t a strong federal ernment could be a fatal threat to slavery. The Jeffe

36、rsonian coalition t united southern planters and northern farmers, mechanicsand artisans in op ition to the threat presented by the Federalist Party had started to dissolve af ter the War of 1812.13 It was not until the Missouri crisis t Americans became aware of the politicalsibilities of a section

37、al attack on slavery, and it was not until the mass politics of the Jackson Administration t this type of anization around this e became practical.1 editNullification CrisisMain article: Nullification CrisisThe American System, advocated by Henry Clay in Congress and supported by many nationalist su

38、pporters of the War of 1812 such as John C. Calhoun, was a program for ra economic modernizationfeaturing protective tariffs, ernal improvements at Federal expense, and a national b The pur e was to develop American industry and ernational commerce. Since iron, coal, and wa ower weremainly he North,

39、 this tax plan was doomed to cause rancor he South where economies were agriculture-based.1516 Southerneed it demonstrated favoritism toward the North.17 18The nation suffered an economic downturn throughout the 1820s, and South Carolina was particularly affected. The highly protective Tariff of 182

40、8 (also called the Tariff of Abominations), designed to protectAmerican industry by taxing imported manufactured goods, was enacted o law during the last year of the presidency of John Quincy Adams. Op ed he Sou nd parts of New England, the expec on ofthe tariffs opponents was hat with he election o

41、f Andrew Jackson the tariff would be significantly reduced 19By 1828 South Carolina s e politics increasingly anized around the tariff e. When the Jackson administration failed to take any actions to address their concerns, the most radical faction he s ebegan to advocate t the s e declare the tarif

42、f null and void within Sou h Carolina. In Washington, an open split on the e occurred bet n Jackson and his viceJohn C. Calhoun, the mosteffective proponent of the constitutional theory of s e nullification through his 1828 South Carolina Ex ition and. 20Congress enacted a new tariff in 1832, but it

43、 offered the s e little re f, resulting he most dangerous sectional crisis since the Union was formed. Some militant Sou h Carolinians even h ed at withdrawingfrom the Union in response. The newly-elected South Carolina legislature then quickly called for the election of delegates to a s e conventio

44、n. Once assembled, the convention voted to declare null and void thetariffs of 1828 and 1832 with he s e.Andrew Jackson responded firmly, declaring nullification an act of treason. He then took steps to strengthen federal forts he s e.seemed a real sibility early in 1833 as Jacksonians in Congress r

45、oduced a Force Bill authorizing theto use the Federal army and navy in order to enforce acts of Congress. No others e had come forward to support South Carolina, and the s e itself was divide willingness to continue the showdown with the Federal ernment. The crisis ended when Clay and Calhoun worked

46、 toMissouri along the line of 36-30. The Missouri Compromise quieted thedevise a compromise tariff. Both sides later claimed victory. Calhoun and hi pporters in South Carolina claimed a victory for nullification, insisting t i d forced the rev of the tariff. Jacksons followers,however, saw the sode

47、as a demonstration t no single s e could assert its rights by independent action.Calhoun, urn, devoted his efforts to bu lding up a sense of Southern solidarity so t when another standoff should come, the whole section might be prepared to a a bloc in resisting the federalernment. As early as 1830,

48、he midst of the crisis, Ca houn identified the right to own slaves as the chief southern minority right being threatened:I consider the tar the occa , rather n the real cause of the present unhappy s e of things. The truth can no longer be disguised, t the peculiar domestick sic institution of the S

49、outhern S esand the consequent direction whichand her soil have given to her industry, has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opite relation to the majority of the Union, against the danger ofwhich, if there be no protective er he rights of he s es they must he end be forced to

50、rebel, or, submit to have their paramount erests sacrificed, their domestic institution bordinated byColonization and other schemes, and themselves and children reduced to wretchedness 2122On May 1, 1833, Jackson wrote of this idea, the tariff was only the pretext, and disunion and southern confeder

51、acy the real object. The next pretext will be the negro, or slavery question. 23The i e appeared again after 1842s Black Tariff.riod of relative free trade after 1846s Walker Tariff reduction followed until 1860, when the protectionistMorrill Tariff was roduced by the Republicans,fueling Southern an

52、ti-tariff sentiments once again.editGag Rule debatesMain article: Gag rule#Anti-slavery petitions he United S es Congress in 1831-1844From 1831 to 1836 William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society (AA-SS) initiated an to petition Congress in favor of ending slavery he District of Col

53、umbia and all federal territories.dreds of thousands of petitions were sent with the number reaching ak in 1835.2 The House passed th nckney Resolutions on May 26, 1836. The of these resolutions s ed t Congress had no constitutional authority to erfere with slavery he s es and the second t it oughtn

54、ot do so he District of Columbia. The third resolution, known from the beginning as the gag rule, provided t:All petitions, memorials, resolutions, pro itions, or p rs, relating in any way, or to any extent whatsoever, to the subject of slavery or the abolition of slavery, shall, without being eith

55、r ed or referred, belai the table and t no further action whatever shall be had hereon.25The two resolutions passed by votes of 182 to 9 and 132 to 45. The gag rule, supported by Northern and Southern Democrats as well as some Sou hern Whigs, was passed w vote of 117 to 68.26Form resident John Quinc

56、y Adams, who was elected to the House of Represen ives in 1830, became an early and central figure he op ition to the gag rules.27 He argued t they were a directviolation of theAmendment right to petition the ernment for a redress of grievan . A majority of NorthernWhigs joined the op ition. Rather

57、n suppress anti-slavery petitions, however, the gagrules only served to offend Americans from Northern s es, and dramatically increase the number of petitions.28Since the original gag was a resolution, not a standing House Rule, i d to be renewed every ses and the Adams faction often gained the floo

58、r before the gag could be im ed. However in January 1840,the House of Represen ives passed the Twenty- Rule, which prohibited even the reception of anti-slavery petitions and was a standing House rule. Now the pro-petition for focuse trying to revoke astanding rule. The Rule raised serious doubts ab

59、out its constitutionality and had les pport n the original Pinckney gag, passing only by 114 to 108. Throughout the gag period, Adams superior talent inusing and abusing parliamentary rules and skill in baiting his enemies o making mistakes, enabled him to evade the rule and debate the slavery i es.

60、 The gag rule was finally rescinde December 3,1844 by a strongly sectional vote of 108 to 80, all the Northern and four Southern Whigs voting for repeal, along with 55 of the 71 Northern Democrats. 29editAntebellum Sou nd the UnionThere had been a continuing contest bet n the s es and the national e