蒙大英语国家-英国概况课件06 British Family Life and Welfare

1、British Family LifeContentsWarm-Up 1Language Study2Detailed Study 3Extension4Warm-Up Discuss the Following QuestionsWhat is a permissive society? What is the ploughmans lunch? familial: a. 家庭的，家族的Language Study terrace: n.（通常外表结构一样并由公共墙分隔的）排屋 semi-detached: a. （住宅）半独立式的 bungalow: n. 平房 hedge: n. 树篱

2、porridge: n. 麦片粥 continental breakfast: n. 欧式早餐, 欧洲大陆式早餐 mortgage: n. 抵押，抵押借款 cereal: n. 谷类食物，麦片粥Language Study rustic: a. 有农村特色的 sherry: n. 雪利酒 gin: n. 杜松子酒 vermouth: n. 味美斯酒,苦艾酒 pickle: n. 腌菜,泡菜Detailed StudyHousingMarriageMeals And Drinks A. Housing system1. “Owner-occupation”: most home, around

3、65% of them, are owned by the people to buy their own home, and there is a sophisticated and accessible system of finance from banks to allow them to do so-usually through a loan, or “mortgage” paid back over a period of 25 years. Often the loan is made for 95% of the value of the property to be pur

4、chased leaving the buyer to provide 5% as a deposit. 1 2. Public housing: owned either by the local (city) government, or by independent non-profit organizations called housing associations. Detailed StudyHousingB. Four main types of homeDetailed Study1. “Flats” (or apartments): a. of varying size,

5、often in modern multi-storey purpose-built buildings, though sometimes made by sub-dividing big old houses. b. often publicly owned c. vary a lot in size d. large flats in fashionable areas such as central London may be very high status and very expensiveDetailed Study2. “Terraced” houses: a. indivi

6、dual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row (known as “row” houses in the US), often of the “two-up, two-down” variety, meaning they have two rooms downstairs and two bedrooms upstairs, plus a small kitchen and bathroom in a projection at the back (neverthe

7、less, much larger terraced houses do exist: three-storey variants are not unusual). b. only have a small enclosed concrete “yard” at the back, rather then a garden. c. many of this kind of home are 19th century in origin, though modernized, built originally to house factory workers. d. such houses a

8、re most common in inner-city areas. Detailed StudyDetailed Study“Terraced” housesDetailed Study3. The “semi”: a. a house which is “semi-detached”, meaning that it is joined to another house only on ONE side, so that semis stand together in pairs. b. usually a two storey house with kitchen, living-ro

9、om and dining room on the ground floor,2 and three bedrooms and a bathroom upstairs, though larger and smaller versions are not unusual. c. would have a small garden at the front dividing it from the road, and a larger one at the back (twenty meters by 10 meters might be an average size, though they

10、 vary quite a lot), as well as a garage for a car at the side. d. first became popular in the 1920s and 30s, but has continued to be built in much the same layout, though in different styles, ever since.Detailed StudyThe “semi”Detailed Study 4. Detached house: a. stands alone with garden on all side

11、s separating it a little from its neighbour. b. might be a one-storey house (for which British people use the Indian word “bungalow”) or two. Three-storey houses are less usual. c. would tend to be found in suburban areas.Detailed StudyC. GardensGardens are important to many British people. Gardenin

12、g is one of the most popular pastimes, and many unremarkable, even dull-looking, houses from the front might conceal a well-tended, flower-filled back-garden. Often this is not visible form the road, and unlike American homes the garden is often fenced, or marked off with high hedges, making it quit

13、e private. This may reflect a greater desire for privacy on the part of the British-or it may be simply that because Britain is a more densely populated land than America, house are usually closer together in Britain, making privacy more important. Phase 1Phase 2Phase 3Age for Marriage Engagement We

14、dding Detailed StudyLead A Happy LifeMarriageAccording to the English law: Below the age of 16-no child can get married. Between 16 and 18-the parents consent to the marriage is necessaryOver the age of 18-the parents consent is unnecessaryActually, most girls and nearly all men in Britain are well

15、over 18 when they get married. Marriage marks the beginning of a new and independent family, which means leaving ones parents and starting ones own life for both the man and the woman.Detailed StudyAge for marriageYoung people of both sexes associate freely. In terms of marriage the young people do

16、not like to have control placed on them by other family members. It is quite normal for a girl of 16 to go out with a boyfriend. Kisses and embraces between them are considered quite natural behavior. If they are together for a long time and know each other well, the girl would invite her boyfriend

17、to her house to meet her parents. And the boy would do the same. If they had made private promise to marry, the boy will buy an engagement ring for the girl. The engagement ring is placed on the third finger of the girls left hand, which is simply a public declaration of engagement and a means of di

18、scouraging the attentions of other young men. If the girl changes her mind, she usually returns the ring. If they continue getting along well, the engagement ring will be replaced by the wedding ring of plain gold. Detailed StudyEngagement 1. Places to have the ceremony: a. Church: for most British

19、couples, whether religious or not b. registry office: some couples, the ceremony is usually less formal and more purely legal2. The church ceremony: a. the bride dressed in a long white dress and attended by her close relatives and friends. b. The churchman will ask whether the couples are willing t

20、o marry each. If the answer is affirmative, they have also to make promises of loyalty to each other until they die. (Ironically, Britain is actually one of the countries with highest divorce rate in the developed countries. One out of three new marriages is now expected to end in divorce.)Detailed

21、StudyWedding Breakfast: Traditional British breakfast: A hearty meal eaten in many homes throughout the country, particularly at weekend and other nonworking days.Usually a fried or grilled dish consisting of bacon, eggs, and such additional items as sausage, mushrooms, tomatoes, black pudding3, and

22、 fried bread or potatoes; in some households a less substantial dish, such as kippers or boiled eggs, is preferred. It is usually preceded by porridge, fruit juice, or some variety of commercially produced breakfast cereal, and early 20th century innovation of US origin.Breakfast in recent years: A

23、light breakfast, usually called continental breakfast.Has no cooked dish and consists of fruit juice or cereal, rolls or toast and marmalade and office. Detailed StudyMeals and Drinks Lunch:Lunch is a midday meal, usually eaten between 12:00 to 2:00 pm. For those who have supper in the evening, lunc

24、h will usually be the main meal of the day.For those who have dinner in the evening as their main meal, lunch will usually be a light meal.Lunch generally consists of meat, potatoes, and other vegetables. The formal mane for lunch is luncheon which is used as printed on an invitation card, a menu, e

25、tc. since the early 1970s, the ploughmans lunch has become very popular in Britain. It is a snack lunch of cheese, bread, and butter, usually accompanied by tomatoes, lettuce, celary, or other salad and pickles. Such a meal is served in pubs throughout the country. Based on the medieval farm laborer

26、s traditional midday snack of bread and hard cheese, the modern ploughmans lunch may be prepared with any of variety cheeses and sometimes ham, beef, or other cold meats. It appears to satisfy the rustic aspirations of many white-collar workers. Detailed StudyThe Evening MealThe evening meal varies

27、from family to family. If the dinner is taken in the evening, it is usually sumptuous. Three courses at least are prepared for the evening dinner.Supper means a light meal taken in the evening. It is less grand and usually cold. Between lunch and evening dinner, there is usually a light meal of afte

28、rnoon tea in Britain, which is traditionally taken between four or five oclock in the afternoon. The light meal of afternoon tea is known as high tea, which is actually a mixture of tea and supper. High tea is usually prepared with a cooked dish or sandwiches, and accompanied by a pot of tea. It is

29、particularly popular in the north of England and in Scotland. Now tea is also a working class name given to the evening meal. Detailed StudyDrinks:Drinks are various and may be taken at different times. If you are invited to a drinks party, the party will probably be before dinner, 6:00-8:00 pm. If

30、you are invited to someones house for a drink, it will probably be after dinner, about 8:30 pm.On a Sunday, you would be invited for about 12:00 midday, and you might be the only guest, or there might be a small party in progress. You would probably be offered with wine, sherry, gin and/or vermouth,

31、 or whisky on all these occasions. If you are invited to have a pint of beer you will almost certainly arrange to meet in a particular pub. Detailed StudyTea:Britons are also known as tea drinkers. It is said that Britons drink a quarter of all the tea grown in the world each year. Many of them drin

32、k it on at least eight different occasions during the day. They drink it between meals and at meals. They drink early-morning tea in bed-some early-morning tea drinkers have automatic tea-making machines connected to their alarm clocks. Detailed StudyExtension Cultural NotesAssignmentCultural NotesO

33、ften the loan is madeto provide 5% as a deposit: 通常购房人先付贷款的5%作为第一期预付款， 其余95%的房价分期付清。抵押借款在西方是很常见的一种购买方式，尤其是购买房屋、汽车之类的大宗商品。够没人付一定比例的预付款，然后分期（通常是按月）付清其余款额，如果未能按合同上的期限付款的话，贷款人有权没收抵押品。the ground floor: 在英国，建筑物的一层被称为 “the ground floor”，二层才称为 “the first floor”，与我国的称为不同。 3. black pudding: a kind of black sa

34、usage made mainly from minced pork fat and pigs blood. AssignmentWhat are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?Compare some Chinese customs with the English ones. What do you know about the English

35、 eating habits? Lecture Six (II)British WelfareThe Welfare StateUKContentsWarm-Up 1Language Study2Detailed Study 3Extension4Warm-Up Discuss the Following QuestionsWhy is Britain called the welfare state?How is the National Health Service Financed?Warm-Up Discuss the Following QuestionsWhat does “mea

36、ls on wheels” mean?How does the National Health ServiceFunction in Britain? national insurance: 国民保险 welfare: 福利 Language Study allowance: 津贴 radical: 激进的 workhouse: 贫民院 reform:改革Hospitalisation：住院 benefit: 补贴；保险赔偿费 Pension:养老金 detached house: 独门独户的院落Language StudyCouncil house: 公寓Crisis : 危机 Semi-d

37、etached house: 两房相连的房舍Detailed StudyDefinitionOperationsHistoryPresentWhat is a welfare state?A welfare state is a concept of government where the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality o

38、f opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social organization The operations of the welfare state are in four main partsNatio

39、nal insuranceNational Health ServiceSupplementary benefits are provided for people whose incomes are too lowServices for the benefit of childrenHistory of Welfare StateBrief History of Welfare State in BritainHelp serviced by parishes ,early 17th cent.Poor Law of 1834 discouraged people from applyin

40、g for relief, the unemployed made stay in “workhouses” “Oliver Twist”, 1837Major Reform in 1908 - National insurance schemes founded, enabling some people to cover medical & retirement cost.Foundations of what came to be known as “the Welfare State” WorkhousesWorkhouse, WinchesterWorkhouse, AndoverT

41、he Poor Law in 1834OLIVER TWIST Charles DickensDickens Centre, Rochester Summer HousePortsmouth MuseumHouse he bought at his home townLibraryAims of the post-World War welfare legislationThe most radical and widespread reforms occurred after the Second World War in 1945. The measures introduced then

42、 were based upon a famous document, the Beveridge Report of 1942. The main aims of the legislation which followed the Report wereLord William Henry Beveridge, 1879-1963 Main Aims of Legislation after the Beveridge Report to create a system where housing, health services and social security (payments

43、 for unemployment, old age, sickness, disability, children) would be provided for all, as an egalitarian safety-net below which nobody would be able to fallto establish a National Health Service (1947) for all to receive free diagnosis, treatment and hospitalisation when necessary.WELFARE IN BRITAIN

44、 THE PRESENTThe three main areas of welfare provision in Britain are health, housing and social security The post-war welfare structure has always been a combination of public and private provision From the 1980s those who could afford to have been encouraged to provide for their own health and reti

45、rement by paying into private insurance schemes. Welfare at PresentDespite these changes, there are still a wide range of state benefits available to those in need. (a) Social SecurityFor those who become unemployed, sick, or who are working on a low wage with a family to support, they may claim eit

46、her job seekers allowance, income support or working families tax credit. DSS processes these claims Welfare, PresentOther benefits available include the Social Fund which is used to make one-off payments in emergencies or for special necessary purchases sickness benefitwidows pension and widowed mo

47、thers allowancedisablement allowance if you are badly disabled Health(b) HealthThe National Health ServiceAlthough since the 1980s some changes have been made in management, the principle of comprehensive and free medical treatment for all, based upon need rather than the ability to pay, is still th

48、e central philosophy of the service. Housing(c) Housing82% of households in Britain live in houses rather than flats. This compares with 60% in France and 35% in Italy. Housing in Britain is either privately owned or provided by funds from the government as the public sector. The government controls

49、 the proportion of private and public housing provision in a number of ways through its housing policy HousingPublic Sector Housing Past & PresentPart of the philosophy behind the Beveridge Report was that the State should be responsible for the provision of adequate housingnobody need be housed in

50、squalor minimal standards of housing should be set Local government authorities were to be given responsibility in ensuring that an adequate housing stock was available in their authority and in maintaining the standards set by government Housing1950s and 1960s Post War slum clearanceThe 1980s: Sale

51、 of Council HousesMany people disagreed with this policyLocal Council Responsibilitieshe local council still has a number of responsibilities to provide adequate housing and meet special housing needs in its area, usually through the local Social Services Department HousingPrivate Sector HousingHous

52、ing BenefitsHelp with housing costs has always been part of the provision of the Welfare State, either for people on low incomes or for people unexpectedly or temporarily out of work through illness or unemployment. This benefit is administered by local governmentHousingThe 1961 three-bedroom semi-d

53、etached house depicted above is typical of those now standing on the Clober estate. It has white-painted roughcast walls and a tiled roof. Semi-detached HouseSemi-detached Houses Detach House Detached HouseCouncil HousesCouncil HousesFlatsLondon Flat1930sLawn Road Flats1933-1934Housing Crisis in Britain*England faces a housing crisis within the next 20 years, with a potential shortage of more than one million homes leading to overcrowding and rising levels of homelessness