东华大学2018考博英语

1、第2页共13页第 页共13页东华大学2018年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题PartIVocabulary(10points,0.5pointeach)Directions:Thereare20sentencesinthissection.TherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandDundereachofthefollowingsentences.Choosetheonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswerSheet.Manys

2、cientistsremainaboutthevalueofthisresearchprogram.AscepticalB.stationaryC.spaciousD.specificIfyouwanttogototheconcert,youllhavetomakea,ortherewillbenotickets.conservationB.reservationC.preservationD.observationThemotherwaswhenhersonconfessedhehadrobbedastore.dismayedB.flatteredC.fascinatedD.disabled

3、TmittedB.corruptC.conservedD.confidentIttookthemseveralweekstothewildhorse.cultivateB.civilizeC.curbD.tameItisacommonthemeofmanysciencefictionstoriesthattheworldmayonedaybebybeingsfromtheouterspace.runoverB.filledinC.takenoverD.brokeninItthattheoldwomanshehadbeentakingcareofwasindeedherownmother.tur

4、nedoverB.turnedinC.turnedacrossD.turnedoutThediscoveryofnewoilfieldsinvariouspartsofthecountryfilledthegovernmentwithhope.eternalB.infiniteC.ceaselessD.delicateWehopetherewillbeapeacefultothenewsystem.A.transmissionB.transitionC.transactionD.transformation10.Itisthatwomenshouldbepaidlessthanmenfordo

5、ingthesamekindofwork.A.abruptB.absurdC.adverseD.addictiveTheyoungflowergirlhasbeenintownforonlyseveralmonths,butsheseemstobewitheveryonewhocomestothestore.A.admittedB.acceptedC.admiredD.acquaintedWhenthewealthymandiedhisillegitimatesonhalfofhislegacy.A.retreatedB.displayedC.declaredD.claimedIhavesai

6、dnothinglikethat.Heintentionallymyideastoachievehispersonalends.A.revisedB.distractedC.contradictedD.distortedTravelersareadvisedtousetravelerschecks,whichprovideasecuretocarryingallthemoneyincash.substituteB.alternativeC.selectionD.displacementMostofthenationsintheworldareworkinginacollaborativeeff

7、orttohungerfromtheworld.abandonB.diminishC.withdrawD.eliminateIjustcanthowhemanagedtofinishhisreportsosoon.Hesaidhewasonlyhalfwaythroughityesterday!figureoutB.workoutC.lookoutD.drawoutThemayorwasaskedtogivearoughofthecostoftheconstructionofthenewbridge.A.assessmentB.evaluationC.announcementD.estimat

8、eAtlasthisfirmwasupbyamultinationalcorporation.A.swallowedB.devouredC.swiggedD.gulpedWhenhewenttotheairportfortheticket,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathispassporthadforhalfayear.A.abolishedB.expiredC.amendedD.constrainedAccordingtothereport,theoftheepidemicwasfrighteninginthatcountry.A.multitudeB.altitudeC.

9、magnitudeD.gratitudePartIIClozeTest(15points,1pointeach)Directions:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.Popularsciencebooksbypioneeringscientistscomeinmanyvarieties,butarealmostalways21waitingfor.Suchbookswou

10、ldcertainlybeauthoritativeaccountsofthesubjectmatter.Whatismoreimportant,22,isthattheygivethereaderareallyunique23.Thegenreincludesstraightforwardexpositionsofatechnicaltopic,anearlyexample24theclassiclittlebookonrelativitybyEinsteinhimself.More25andperhaps26greatervalue,inthelong27onehasa28ofessays

11、onwidelyvaryingthemes.Thesereflect,directly29indirectly,themotivations,thecompulsions,thestance,thepersonalscientificphilosophy30short,thecredoofagreatscientist,givingthereader31insightintotheworkingofafirst-ratemindinamannerthateventhebestofbiographiescanonly32.Restrictingoneselftoexamples33fromphy

12、sicsand34areas,somewonderfulexamplesofthisclassareWignersSymmetriesandReflections,ChandrasekharsTruthandBeauty,FeynmansTheCharacterofPhysicalLaw,andDysons35theUniverse.21.A.differentB.eagerC.worthD.gratitude22.A.howeverB.bythewayC.unfortunatelyD.tobeexact23.A.characterB.thoughtC.enjoymentD.perspecti

13、ve24.A.beingB.hasbeingC.hasbeenD.been25.A.importantB.specialC.oftenD.clear26.A.withB.forC.inD.of27.A.agoB.timeC.distanceD.run28.A.electionB.collectionC.deductionD.induction29.A.andB.orC.notD.but30.A.onB.forC.inD.of31.A.valuableB.attractiveC.particularD.mysterious32A.repeatB.approximateC.enhanceD.dis

14、cover33.A.concernedB.broughtC.takenD.thought34.A.relatingB.relativeC.relateD.related35.A.DisturbingBDisturbC.DisturbedD.DisturbancePartIIIReadingComprehension(30points)SectionA(20points,1pointeach)Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therearefourshortpassagesforyoutoread.Readeachpassagecarefully,andthenan

15、swerthequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orDandmarkthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswerSheet.Passage1Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasteadyassaultonsaltfromthedoctors.Politiciansalsogotonboard.Thereisadirectrelationship,UScongressmanNealSmithnoted,betweentheamountofsodiumapersonconsumesandheartd

16、isease,circulatorydisorders,strokeandevenearlydeath.Frightening,iftrue!Butmanydoctorsandmedicalresearchersarenowbeginningtofeelthesaltscarehasgonetoofar.Allthishueandcryabouteatingsaltisunnecessary,Dr.Dustaninsists.Formostofusitprobablydoesntmakemuchdifferencehowmuchsaltweeat.Dustansmostrecentshort-

17、termstudyof150peopleshowedthatthosewithnormalbloodpressureexperiencednochangeatallwhenplacedonanextremelylow-saltdiet,orlaterwhensaltwasreintroduced.Ofthehypertensivesubjects,however,halfofthoseonthelow-saltdietdidexperienceadropinbloodpressure,whichreturnedtoitspreviouslevelwhensaltwasreintroduced.

18、Anadequatetosomewhatexcessivesaltintakehasprobablysavedmanymorelivesthanithascostinthegeneralpopulation,notesDr.JohnH.Laragh.Soarecommendationthatthewholepopulationshouldavoidsaltmakesnosense.Medicalexpertsagreethateveryoneshouldpracticereasonablemoderationinsalt第 页共13页第 页共13页consumption.Fortheavera

19、geperson,amoderateamountmightrunfromfourtotengramsaday,orroughly1/2to1/3ofateaspoon.Theequivalentofonetotwogramsofthissaltallowancewouldcomefromthenaturalsodiuminfood.Therestwouldbeaddedinprocessing,preparationoratthetable.Thosewithkidney,liverorheartproblemsmayhavetolimitdietarysalt,讦theirdoctoradv

20、ises.Buteventheveryvocallowsaltexponent,Dr.ArthurHullHayes,Jr.admitsthatwedonotknowwhetherincreasedsodiumconsumptioncauseshypertension.Infact,thereisgrowingscientificevidencethatotherfactorsmaybeinvolved:deficienciesincalcium,potassium,perhapsmagnesium;obesity(muchmoredangerousthansodium);geneticpre

21、disposition;stress.Itisnotyourenemy,saysDr.Laragh.SaltistheNo.1naturalcomponentofallhumantissue,andtheideathatyoudontneeditiswrong.Unlessyourdoctorhasproventhatyouhaveasalt-relatedhealthproblem,thereisnoreasontogiveitup.Accordingtosomedoctorsandpoliticians,theamountofsaltconsumedexhibitsasanaggravat

22、ingfactortopeopleinpoorhealth.curesdiseasessuchasstrokeandcirculatorydisorders.correlateshighlywithsomediseases.isirrelevanttopeoplesufferingfromheartdisease.FromDr.Dustansstudywecaninferthatalow-saltdietmaybeprescribedforsomepeople.theamountofsaltintakehasnothingtodowithonesbloodpressure.thereducti

23、onofsaltintakecancureahypertensivepatient.anextremelylow-saltdietmakesnodifferencetoanyone.Inthethirdparagraph,Dr.Laraghimpliesthatpeopleshouldnotbeafraidoftakingexcessivesalt.doctorsshouldnotadvisepeopletoavoidsalt.anadequatetoexcessivesaltintakeisrecommendedforpeopleindisease.excessivesaltintakeha

24、sclaimedsomevictimsinthegeneralpopulation.Thephrasevocalexponent(Para.4)mostprobablyreferstoeloquentdoctor.articulateopponent.loudspeaker.strongadvocate.Whatisthemainmessageofthistext?Thatthesaltscareisnotjustified.Thatthecauseofhypertensionisnowunderstood.Thatthemoderateuseofsaltisrecommended.Thats

25、altconsumptionistobepromoted.Passage2Globalizationisnotjustsomepassingtrend.Todayitisanoverarchinginternationalsystemshapingthedomesticpoliticsandforeignrelationsofvirtuallyeverycountry,andweneedtounderstanditassuch.Asthoughtfulpeopleconcernedaboutworldaffairs,ourjobistopickupglobalization,examineit

26、fromallsides,dissectit,figureoutwhatmakesittick,andthennurtureandpromotethegoodpartsandmitigateorslowdownthebadparts.Globalizationismuchlikefire.Fireitselfisneithergoodnorbad.Usedproperly,itcancookfood,sterilizeequipment,formiron,andheatourhomes.Usedcarelessly,firecandestroylives,townsandforestsinan

27、instant.AsFriedmansays:Globalizationcanbeincrediblyempoweringandincrediblycoercive.Itcandemocratizeopportunityanddemocratizepanic.Itmakesthewhalesbiggerandtheminnowsstronger.Itleavesyoubehindfasterandfaster,anditcatchesuptoyoufasterandfaster.Whileitishomogenizingcultures,itisalsoenablingpeopletoshar

28、etheiruniqueindividualityfartherandwider.Globalizationhasdangersandanuglydarkside.Butitcanalsobringtremendousopportunitiesandbenefits.Justascapitalismrequiresanetworkofgoverningsystemstokeepitfromdevouringsocieties,globalizationrequiresvigilanceandtheruleoflaw.Anti-trustlaws,theSecuritiesandExchange

29、Commission,laborunions,charities,theFederalTradeCommission,andcountlessotheragenciesandorganizationskeepAmericancapitalismincheck.Similartransparentmechanismsareneededtomakesureglobalizationisapositiveforceintheworld.Globalizationwillalwayshavecheerleaderswhoareblindtothedestructionglobalizationcanc

30、ause.Anditwillalwayshavestridentopponentsblindtothewayglobalizationgivessomepeopletheirfirstopportunitytofulfillbasicaspirations.Aswithmostissues,themajorityofpeoplewillbeinthemiddle.Theywillseeglobalizationnotassomethingtoworshipordemonize.Instead,theywillseeitassomethingtomold,shapeandmanageforthe

31、bettermentofeveryone.Whatdoestheword“mitigate”inparagraph2mostlikelymean?A.Toalleviate.Toslowdown.Toomit.Togofaster.Whydoestheauthorcompareglobalizationasfire?Whenusedcorrectly,theybothcansterilizeequipment.Whenusedimproperly,theybothcandestroyourlife.Whenworshipped,theybothimproveourlifegreatly.Whe

32、ndemonized,theybothcanbedangerous.Whyisglobalizationcomparedascapitalisminthepassage?A.Theybothrequirevigilancetokeepthemfromdevouringsocieties.TheybothneedFederaltradecommissionandlaborunions.Theybothneedtransparentmechanismstooperateproperly.BothAandB.Peoplewhoworshipglobalizationusuallywhilepeopl

33、ewhodemonizeglobalizationusually.A.seeitassomethingtomoldfortheimprovementofeveryone;standinthemiddletomold,shapeandmanageforthebettermentofeveryonebelieveglobalizationcanbeshaped;believeglobalizationhasdangersandanuglydarksidebelieveglobalizationisapositiveforceintheworld;believeglobalizationrequir

34、esvigilanceandtheruleoflawsseenodestructionglobalizationcancause;cannotseethatglobalizationgivessomepeopletheirfirstopportunitytofulfillbasicaspirationWhichofthefollowingisnotnecessarilyrequiredtomakepositiveuseofglobalization?A.Tremendousopportunitiesandbenefits.Vigilanceandtheruleoflaw.Transparent

35、mechanisms.Molding,shapingandmanagement.Passage3AChinesestudyfoundthatantibioticscanhelppreventstomachcancerinpeoplewhocarryacommonstrainofbacteriaknowntocauseulcers.ThestudyaddstothealreadystrongevidencethatHelicobacterpyloribacteriacancausestomachcancer,adiseaseespeciallyprevalentinAsiabutfarlessc

36、ommonintheUnitedStates.Still,expertssaidthefindingsdonotsolvethedilemmaofwhetherandhowtotreatcarriersofthebacteria.Thestudyinvolved1,630menandwomenfromFujianProvinceinsouthernChina.AllwerecarriersofH.pylori;hundredsofthemalreadyhadprecancerouslesic（癌变）attheoutsetofthestudy.Patientswererandomlyassign

37、edtoreceivetwoweeksoftreatmentwithantibioticsandananti-ulcerdrug,oradummymedicine,andwerefollowedfor7yearsandahalfafterthat.Amongthe988patientswithoutprecancerouslesionsattheoutset,noneonthetreatmentgotstomachcancer,comparedwithsixintheplacebogroup.Thefindingsamongthosewithprecancerouslesionswerenot

38、asclear-cut:Seveninthetreatmentgroupdevelopedstomachcancer,versus11intheplacebogroup.ThestudyappearsinWednesdaysJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation.H.pyloriisestimatedtoaffectasmanyas90percentofpeopleinsomedevelopingnationsandupto50percentofpeopleinsomeindustrializedcountries,accordingtotheWorldH

39、ealthOrganization.ChronicH.pyloriisthoughttocausestomachcancer,anddoctorshavecometobelievesincetheearly1980sthatitistheNo.1causeofulcers.ThefindingssuggestthatdoctorsshouldconsiderroutinescreeningforsuchlesionsinH.pyloripatientsinhigh-incidenceareas,andtreatingtheinfectionsinpatientswithnoprecancero

40、uslesions,saidtheauthors,ledbyBenjaminChun-YuWongoftheUniversityofHongKong.Dr.MichaelBrown,agastroenterologistatRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicago,saidroutineH.pyloriscreeningwouldnotbecost-effectiveintheUnitedStatesbecausetheratesofinfectionandcanceraresolow.Accordingtothepassage,expertsintheChin

41、esestudymentionedinthepassagearestillnotsure.A.whetherHelicobacterpyloribacteriacancausestomachcancerwhetherstomachcancerismoreprevalentinAsiawhethertotreatallcarriersofHelicobacterpyloribacteriawhetherHelicobacterpyloribacteriacancausestomachulcerAmongpeoplewhodevelopedcancerinthestudy,proportionof

42、patientsinthetreatmentgrouptopatientsintheplacebogroupis.A.64%50%90%39%Inthestudy,whatmedicinedidtheplacebogrouptakeduringthetwo-weektreatment?A.Antibiotics.Adummymedicine.Ananti-cancermedicine.Medicinefortheprecancerous.Howmanypatientsinthestudyalreadyhadprecancerouslesionsattheoutsetofthestudy?A.1

43、467B.988C.815D.642Thefindingsofthestudyproposethat.A.H.pyloripatientsinhigh-incidenceareasshouldbescreenedandtreated.patientswithprecancerouslesionsarenotaseasilycuredasthosewithout.treatmentshouldbegiventoH.pyloripatientswithoutprecancerouslesions.treatmentshouldnotbegiventoH.pyloripatientswithprec

44、ancerouslesions.Passage4NASAsGoddardSpaceFlightCenterinGreenbelt,Marylandhasbeengiventhenodtoleadaroboticlunarmissionin2008-akeystepinPresidentGeorgeW.Bushsrecentlyannouncedspacevisionstrategy.ThelunarreconnaissanceorbiterwouldlikelybegearedtoinvestigatethepotentialforwatericetrappedattheMoonspoles.

45、Thistypeofinvestigationmayinvolvepowerfulradartoscanthealwaysdarkenedcraters,thoughtbysomescientiststocontainbountifulquantitiesofwaterice.WatericeisbelievedtohavebeenbroughttotheMoonbyimpactingcomets.BothNASAsLunarProspectorandthePentagonsClementinespacecraftofferedtantalizingdatainterpretedbysomee

46、xpertsasindicativeofwatericedeposits.Anumberofalterative,fast-trackapproachesareunderreviewattheGoddardSpaceFlightCenter(GSFC)tobuildthelunarorbiter.AnewlyformedGSFClunarstudyteamheldtheirfirstmeetingThursdaytobeginscopingouthowbesttomovetheprojectforward.PresidentBushhasdirectedNASAtoundertakelunar

47、explorationactivitiestoenablesustainedhumanandroboticexplorationofMarsandmoredistantdestinationsinthesolarsystem.Startingnolaterthan2008,theBushplancallsforinitiatingaseriesofroboticmissionstotheMoontoprepareforandsupportfuturehumanexplorationactivities.Afollow-onroboticlunarlanderisalsoslatedfor200

48、9.TheWhiteHousespacedirectivestatesthatthefirstextendedhumanexpeditiontothelunarsurfacecouldoccurasearlyas2015,butnolaterthantheyear2020.InreestablishingandreenergizingNASAsMoonprogram,theWhiteHouseenvisionslunarexplorationactivitiestofurtherscience,andtodevelopandtestnewapproaches,technologies,ands

49、ystems,includinguseoflunarandotherspaceresources,tosupportsustainedhumanspaceexplorationtoMarsandotherdestinations.OntheroboticlunarmissionwhichistobeledbyNASAsGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,thelunarorbiter.A.wouldpossiblyinvestigatewhetherthereiswatericeattheMoonspole.B.wouldannouncethepresidentsspacevis

50、ionstrategytothewholeworld.C.wouldlikelyextendhumanexpeditiontothelunarsurfaceforthefirsttime.D.wouldoffertantalizingdatainterpretedbysomeexpertsasspaceresources.Ontheroboticlunarmission,willbeexploredtosearchforwaterice.A.impactingcometsneartheMoonthedarkenedcratersontheMoon.aroboticlunarlanderonth

51、eMoonNASAsMoonprogramAccordingtothethirdparagraphofthepassage,whyanewlyformedGSFClunarstudyteamheldtheirfirstmeetingonThursday?A.Tobuildthelunarorbiterassoonaspossible.B.TomovetheNASAsMoonprogramsforward.C.Tosearchforthebestapproachtobuildthelunarorbiter.D.Todiscussthescopethelunarorbiteristoexplore

52、.FederalgovernmentoftheU.S.statesinitsspacedirectivethat.A.thefirsthumanlandingonthelunarsurfacewouldoccurnolaterthan2020thefirstlong-timehumanexpeditiontothelunarsurfacewouldoccurin2015thefirsthumanextendedexpeditiontothemoonwouldoccurbefore2021thefirsthumansurvivalonthelunarsurfacewouldoccurnolate

53、rthan2020OneofthepurposesofNASAsSerieslunarexplorationmissionsisto.A.furtherinvestigateimpactingcometsthathavebroughtwatericetotheMoonB.scopeouthowbesttomovethePentagonsClementinespacecraftprojectforwardC.prepareforandsupportGoddardSpaceFlightCenter(GSFC)tobuildthelunarorbiterD.developandtestnewtech

54、nologiestosupporthumanspaceexplorationtoMarsSectionB(10points,2pointseach)Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithfivequestions.Afteryouhavereadthepassage,answereachquestioninEnglishwithnomorethan15words.WritedownyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.Passage5IsHavingaHomeaRight?Evenonthesecoldestnightsofth

55、eyear,Americanscantclaimarighttoadequatehousing-notyet.Butthenotionthathavingahomeisabasichumanrightisonethatisgainingsomecurrencyaroundtheglobe,aswellasonthecornersofsomeofthemostfrigidcitiesintheUnitedStates.Record-breakingcoldspellsthiswinterhavebroughtfreshattentiontotheplightofthe840,000America

56、nswhosleepinstreetsorinmakeshiftsheltersonanygivennight.Twenty-fivecitiesarereportinganaverage13percentincreaseinrequestsforemergencyshelterover2002,accordingtoaUSConferenceofMayorssurvey.Arguingthathousingisabasichumanentitlement,someadvocatesforthehomelesshavesharplycriticizedthesituationintheUS.D

57、espitethecountrysenormouswealth,agrowingnumberofitscitizensarehomeless-astateofaffairsthatsomeinternationalgroupsviewasunacceptableandunjust.AninvestigatorfortheUnitedNationsCommissiononHumanRightsinJanuarycitedtheUSforarangeofviolationsinadirerealityofhumanrightsdenialintheareaofhousing.Homelessadv

58、ocateshavealsocriedfoul.AJanuaryreportfromtheNationalLawCenteronHomelessnessandPovertysaysUSpromisesmadein1948,1949,and1996toprogressivelyhouseallitscitizenshavebeenbadlybroken.TheChicagoCoalitionfortheHomeless,meanwhile,ispreparingtoarguethataprojectednetlossof8,000publichousingunitsoverthenextfive

59、yearswould,forasmanyas10,000squatters,constituteunfairforcedevictionunderinternationalhumanrightslaw.Ithinkalotofusaregropingforwaystosquarelocal,state,andnationallawwithhumanrightsprinciples,saysReneHeybach,directoroftheChicagoCoalitionsLawProject.Theresagreatyearningtofindaninternationalfocusbecau

60、seourgovernmenthasntprovidedenoughtokeepourpeoplesafe.Butchangesareafoot,arguesomemembersoftheBushadministration.Itmayverywellbe,saysPhilipMangano,executivedirectorofthefederalInteragencyCouncilonHomelessnessandthegovernmentspointpersononhomelessness,thatremedyingthiswrongofhomelessnesswillleadustoe