医学专业英语资料：enzymes in the clinical diagnosis

1、Replenish Exocrine Intermittence Coagulation thrombokinase dissolutionPseudocholinesterase Inactivation Disposal lysosome Mitochondria Rupture complement Differentiate Transaminase oxaloacetate myocardial infarct alanine necrosis hepatobiliary osteomalacia hyperparathyroidism metastasisleukaemiapern

2、icious polypeptidecrystallinephysiology permeablepostoperative glutamate谷氨酸, 谷氨酸盐aspartate天(门)冬氨酸盐SGOT: Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 血清谷草转氨酶Aspartate transaminase (AST) 天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶, 天冬氨酸转氨酶SGPT Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase 血清谷丙转氨酶ALT alanine aminotransferase丙氨酸氨基转移酶 Alkaline phospha

3、tase 血清碱性磷酸酶（ALP）ACP acid Phosphatase Amylase 淀粉酶Pagets disease佩吉特病 mumps lactate dehydrogenaseEnzymes in the clinical diagnosis Enzymes are synthesized by the cells of all living organisms. They act like catalysts and accelerate the multitude of metabolic reactions upon which life depends. without

4、exception, all enzymes are proteins and their catalytic activity depends on the presence of a precise conformational structure in the folded polypeptide chains.酶是由活的生物体细胞所合成，可以作为催化剂加速生命相关的物质代谢反应。毫无例外，所有的酶都是蛋白质，它的催化能力取决于折叠的多肽链所形成的精确空间结构。catalyst: 催化剂metabolic reactions :代谢反应catalytic activity :催化活性pr

5、ecise conformational structure: 精确构象结构folded polypeptide chains ：折叠的多肽链 Even minor alterations in this structure may result in the loss of activity. In living organisms, enzymes are rapidly degraded and their supply is replenished by new synthesis. Over 700 enzymes have been isolated in a pure or cr

6、ystalline form. minor alterations: 轻微（小）的改变result in：导致，引起 rapidly degraded：快速降解crystalline form：晶体形式 The enzymes present in plasma can be grouped as (1) Functional i.e., plasma active and (2) Nonfunctional i.e., (a) Enzymes of exocrine secretions and (b) Intracellular enzymes.（1）Functional Enzymes

7、(Plasma active enzymes) exocrine secretions：外分泌 Intracellular enzymes：胞内酶 These enzymes are present at all times in the circulation of normal individuals. Their substrates are also present in the circulation, either continuously or intermittently. The “functional” enzymes, which perform a physiologi

8、c function in blood, substrate：底物 intermittently：间歇地；断断续续 physiologic function：生理功能 include the proenzymes of blood coagulation (thrombokinase) and of blood clot dissolution, lipoprotein lipase and pseudocholinesterase etc. They are generally synthesized in the liver, but are present in equivalent o

9、r higher concentrations than in enzyme：酶原lipoprotein lipase：脂蛋白酯酶 LPL包括凝血激酶，血块溶解，脂蛋白酯酶与假胆碱酯酶等酶原。他们通常在肝脏合成，浓度大于等于组织中的浓度。Nonfunctional Enzymes These enzymes perform no known physiologic function in blood. Their substrates frequently are absent from plasma. The enzymes are present in the blo

10、od of normal individuals at levels up to a million fold lower than in tissues. These enzymes are (a) the enzymes of exocrine secretions and no known: unknownsubstrates: 底物 at levels up to：水平达到非功能酶在血液中完成未知的生理功能。它们的底物通常在血浆中不存在。在正常个体中，血液中非功能酶的浓度比组织低百万倍，这些酶都是外分泌酶。(b) intracellular enzymes. The nonfuncti

11、onal enzymes enter the plasma in small amounts due to the continuous aging of cells or due to the diffusion through damaged cell membrane. The low levels of nonfunctional enzymes found ordinarily in plasma arise apparently from the routine, normal destruction of erythrocytes, leuocytes and other cel

12、ls. continuous aging：不断老化damaged cell membrane：受损细胞膜胞内酶，这种非功能酶由于细胞不断老化或透过受损细胞膜少量进入血浆中。Vigorous exercise also results in the release of small quantities of muscle enzymes. The plasma concentration of most enzymes remains fairly constant in the case of a normal individual. It will be altered if there

13、is a)change of synthesis of enzymes within the cell.release: 释放fairly constant:相当恒定的 剧烈运动导致少量的肌酶的释放。在正常的个体中，大多数酶血浆浓度维持恒定，若发生以下情况会改变a)细胞内酶合成发生改变b) Change in the size of enzyme forming tissue.c) Cellular damage.d) An alteration in the rate of inactivation and disposal of enzymes.e) An obstruction to a

14、 normal pathway of enzyme excretion. inactivation: 灭活、失活 disposal：处理、清除 obstruction：阻碍、受阻酶形成组织的大小改变。细胞受损。酶灭火和降解率发生改变。酶分泌正常途径的障碍。 The enzymes of cellular metabolism are located within the tissue cells and are present there at high concentrations. Some exist free in the cellular and others are contain

15、ed in the intracellular structures such as lysosomes and mitochondria. If the cell activity is impaired or damaged in some way, the cell membrane becomes permeable or it ruptures. lysosome：溶酶体 mitochondria：线粒体permeable：可渗透的 rupture：断裂、破裂细胞代谢的酶位于组织细胞内，且浓度较高。一些游离存在于细胞中，而另一些则包含在细胞结构如溶酶体与线粒体中。若细胞活性以某种方式

16、受损，细胞膜则变得通透或破裂。The cell contents including their enzyme complements are released into intracellular fluid and eventually reach the plasma. If a large volume of cells is affected, the plasma levels of these “nonfunctional” enzymes increase suddenly. It has not been practical to assay enzymes in a tis

17、sue on a routine basis.enzyme complements：酶补充物 on a routine basis：在常规的基础上 Instead, changes in enzyme concentrations in the blood can be studied by using photometric and spectrophotometric methods. The serum non-functional enzyme determinations may be helpful to: 1) Assess the severity of the organ d

18、amage,photometric：光度测定的 spectrophotometric：分光光度测定的assess：评定、评价 2) follow the trend of the disease, 3) differentiate a particular type of disease and 4) determine postoperative risk. Normally the serum transaminase levels are low but after extensive tissue destruction these enzymes are liberated into

19、 the serum.differentiate：区分、区别、鉴别postoperative risk：术后风险serum transaminase：血清转氨酶An example is heart muscle, which is rich in glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT of Aspartate transferase, i.e., AST). Consequently, myocardial infarcts are followed by rapid and striking increases in SGOT levels.

20、SGOT starts increasing by second day of the infarct and reaches peak volue by fifth day and drops to normal by eight day. glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶Aspartate transferase：天冬氨酸转移酶myocardial infarcts：心肌梗塞Liver tissue is rich in both transaminases, but it contains more of SGPT (or Ala

21、nine transferase, i.e., ALT) than of SGOT. Although both transaminases are elevated in sera of patient with acute hepatic diseases, SGPT, which is only slightly elevated in cardiac necrosis, is therefore a more specific indicator of liver damage.Alanine transferase：丙氨酸转移酶cardiac necrosis：心肌坏死 In bot

22、h hepatic and post-hepatic conditions high levels of SGPT are observed. Serum alkaline phosphatase estimations are of interest in the diagnosis of two groups of conditions (a) Hepatobiliary disease and (b) bone disease associated with increased osteoblastic activity. alkaline phosphatase：碱性磷酸酶 Hepat

23、obiliary disease：肝胆疾病increased osteoblastic activity：增加成骨细胞活性 Moderately elevated levels are observed in hepatic condition and the elevation tends to be more marked in post hepatic conditions. Among the bone diseases the highest levels of serum ALP activity are encountered in Pagets disease. Pagets

24、disease：佩吉特病 Only moderate rises are observed in osteomalacin. In rickets, levels two to four times to the normal are observed which drop to normal values after treatment with vitamin D. Very high levels of S. ALP are found in bone cancer, slight to moderate elevations of the enzyme are found in hyp

25、erparathyroidism.hyperparathyroidism：甲状旁腺机能亢进Elevations of the acid phosphatase are found in the sera of the males with prostatic cancer with metastases. Slight or moderate elevations in total ACP activity often occur in Pagets disease and in hyperparathyroidism.acid phosphatase：酸性磷酸酶prostatic cance

26、r：前列腺癌Serum amylase determination is carried out clinically in relation to diseases of the pancreas and in the evaluation of pancreatic function. Very high values are observed in acute pancreatitis. Considerable increases are found at 24 to 48 hours after onset of the attack with a correspondingly l

27、arge increase in urinary amylase.Serum amylase：血清淀粉酶 acute pancreatitis：急性胰腺炎 The rise starts within an hour of onset of pain and usually returns to normal in 4 to 8 days. High values are also obtained in carcinoma of the pancreas, mumps and in renal failure.An increase in serum lactate dehydrogenas

28、e is found in myocardial infarction, beginning within 6-12 hrs, then the infarct and reaching a maximum at about 48 hrs.mumps: 腮腺炎 serum lactate dehydrogenase:血清乳酸脱氢酶 The increase is roughly similar to SGOT, but normal values are reached after 12 to 16 days. An increased activity has been found in l

29、iver diease, particularly in infective hepatitis. The increase is not as great as that of transaminases. Increases have also been found in leukemia, pernicious anemia and in renal disease.infective hepatitis:传染性肝炎 pernicious anemia:恶性贫血 血清酸性磷酸酶活性增高主要见于：前列腺癌，特别是有转移时，血清酸性磷酸酶可明显增高。心肌梗塞时，常见乳酸脱氢酶的增高；心肌梗塞

30、后6-12h开始升高，48h达到高峰。急性胰腺炎发病后812小时血清的淀粉酶开始升高；12-24小时到达高峰；2-5天下降至正常。目前，可同时检测多肿瘤标志物的蛋白芯片系统已广泛应用于临床。灭菌是指用物理或化学等方法，杀死物体上的一切微生物，以及它们的芽胞。临床检验人员通过尿样标本的测试来确定是否存在尿道感染或肾脏的损伤。At present, protein chip system is widely applied in clinical practice which can quantitatively measured multi-tumor marker simultaneously.Clinical laboratory practitioners perform testing on urine samples to detect disorders such as urinary tract infections or damage to the kidneys. A.欢迎Barlow教授来我们实验室参观。Barlow 教授来自美国太平洋大学，近几年来