变化中的英语复习重点归纳总结

1、变化中的英语复习重点总结 1. 全世界语言 4000-5000 种 P7 2. Dead language no living speakers P7 3. Historical variation variation over time Regional variation variation in different places P15 4. RP Standard English Network English: Standard English Written English RP Received Pronunciation Also Southern Educated Briti

2、sh EnglishNetwork English Educated American English P19 5.Vocabulary change in English P23-24 dragon 6.词汇来源： dim sum, Abbreviationse.g MTR, boatP28-29 7. 英国语言 English, WelshWales 地区 Gaelic （Scotland 地区） P368. Dialects Different ways of speaking the same language Accent We are talking only about the

3、sounds of the language in some places P399. Language family: English Indo-European family 印欧语系 Chinese Sin-oTibetanfamily汉藏语系 P6410. 英国历史上三次被入侵： 1 BC 1 AD 5 Latin- speaking Romans st th 来自 Mediterranean th th th 2AD 5 - 8 and 9 Scandinavian 斯堪的纳维亚人 Angles 盎格鲁人 , Saxons 撒克逊部 族, Jutes 朱特族人 invaded Bri

4、tain 来自 North West Europe th 3AD 11 French-speaking Normans 来自 NormandyP69-70 11. Standard English: A: Come from South EastB: Reason . Its importanceis matter of cultureandhistoryP75 12. 英语进展过程中历史大事及英语语言本身的进展变化： Time Historical Events Language th 11 century Norman conquest of England Norman French b

5、rought to Englandth th 12 -13 Noranm French rulers in England Morman French as the centuries language of power: Latin for learning and religion; English th 14 century Changes in English education for common people s use English gaining ground among Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 educated people wrote En

6、glish 1475 Caxton set up printing press in London London English incresingly read and understood 13. A good English dictionary contains about 450,000 separate entries.P8614. Receptive 听读 You recognize a word and know what it means. 1第 1 页,共 6 页Productive （说写 ） You can say a word or you can write it.

7、 NOTE: 每个人的 Receptive knowledge of vocabulary 要大于 Productive knowledge P89-90 15. Prescriptive teaching 说明性教学 correct students mistakes Productive teaching 输出性教学 Practice students bEynsgpliesahkingandwriting.Descriptive teaching 描述性教学 Tell students how English has changed and come to be as it is now

8、. P100 P103 16. 语言种类： P109-118 Regional National International Global Basque Norwegian Spanish EnglishDanish 丹麦语 Portuguese English Swedish 瑞典语 FrenchDutch DutchJapanese German 17. Basque巴斯克语 , Hindi （印地语） P115-116 18. 美国历史（ The New World: the continent of America: 1584, 1585 Sir Walter Releigh s tw

9、o expeditions to the New World 1620 English Puritan Playmouth Mayflower 1775 American war of Independence started 1785 End of the War.USA set up 1790 First census 人口普查 held. About 90%of the population of British descent 后裔 P120-121 19. The US A The melting-pot In New York harbour Yonusceae the Statu

10、e of LibertyP122-123 20. 英国在世界的殖民地： Eroupe Asia Africa North and South Australasia United India Kenya America澳大拉西亚 Australia Canada Kingdom& Ireland Malaysia Rhodesia USA New Zealand 罗得西亚 Borneo 波罗洲 South Africa New Guinea 新 几内亚 Hong Kong 21. 印度英语进展历史： The East India Company an end. 19 th century Th

11、e English man named th Started inc1e7ntury, by 1813, it came to Macaulay was called the President of the Committee of Public Instruction , set up universities of English language P138-139 22. 澳 大 利 亚 Australia 形 成 , Captain Cook lead the first exploration in 1770 astronomical observation th 18 centu

12、ry: penal colony 罪犯流放地 P140-141 2第 2 页,共 6 页23. Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle from the sub-continent of India Braj Kachru, developed the idea of classifying the international use of English.Inner Circle: native speakers-users mother tongue Britain, North America, Australia New Zeal

13、and, South Africa Outer Circle: taught in schools, international and official business Indian Hong Kong Expanding Circle: not an official language , international use P147 24. Esperanto 世界语 具有全球扩广的语言特点,且适合全球使用的理想语言 What an ideal language for global use 理由 P158-159 Artificial language The failedreaso

14、n-16p1160Simplify a natural language Noah WebstermadeEnglishspellingeasier for the childrenBasic English designed by in 1930, only 850 words P161-162 25. Social Variation speakersuseEnglishdifferentlywiththeirsocialandeducationallevel.Languages are equal, no primitive or underdeveloped language p166

15、 26. Dead languages Latin and Sanskrit 梵语 French, Spanish and Portuguese are descendants of Latin p170 27. Pygmalion He is a craftsmen from Greek empire, made a sculptor named Galatea. And heloves her and she came lived. My Fair Lady Wrote by George Bernard Shaw, a famous Irish playwright. P182-183

16、28. False beginners The studenhtsawvehoforgotten the early stages of learningalanguageThe first stage of learning Learning the rules of the sound system, the gramwmriatinr,gthesystem, and the vocabulary. The second stage of learning EngUlissihnginavariety of ways. P187-18829. The rules of writing En

17、glish p202 A. Always make sure your sentences are complete. B. Every sentence must hace a subject and a verb. C. Never put a preposition at the end of the sentence. D. Never use slang 俚语 or even informal words. 30. The components of a Trade Deal p216 A. a commodity 商品 . B. a currency C. a seller D.

18、a buyer E. a market F. a means of communication. 31. Lingua Franca 交际语 /通用语 used for trade deal p224-228 Pidgin 混杂语 /洋泾浜语 It means a language,used for purpose of trade. Creoles 克利奥尔语 是 Pidgin 进化后的语言 p228-237 Black English P230-233 Papua New Guinea Adopted Tok Pisin Creole can become a national langu

19、age. ,but a pidgin can P235t 32. Present day international trade P243 33. Faxed English P249-250-252 34. English in science P262 P265-266 35. English in international transport P266-277 Risks in air travel P271 3第 3 页,共 6 页English in air traffic control A. The language of Internetational Air Traffic

20、 Control is English. B. It is used by all ground control staff and flight crew. C. It is used in all parts of the world. D. It is twentieth century English: It is Standard English. E. It is spoken English and speakers know what they say will be recorded F. It is the English of a special area of know

21、ledge. G. It is formal, but not polite or indirect. P 275 H. It is brief, clear, and direct. Sea-speak A special, restricted variety of English is now used internationally in ship-to-shore communication. Jargon 行话 It as special name for the selection that peole who have a common interest in machines

22、 and techniques use it. Slang 俚语 For the language used by young people to keep out the old. 36. English and TV P279 P287 37. English and Information technology P289 English and IT P296 P298 38. ELT English language teaching Native-speaker English language teacher 和 Blingual teacher 双语老师各自的优点和缺点 见 P3

23、02 表格 Five important ELT terms: p307 A.Pattern practice 句型练习 Learning by constantly repeating correct English sentecnes. B.Language laboratory 语言试验室 A classroom equipped with tape recorders and a control desk for the teacher. C.Communicative approach 交际法 | 交际教学法 | 沟通式教学法 | 传意形式的教学 法 A view of ELT th

24、at puts first understanding and being understood by another person. D. Error analysis Teaching in the belief that mistakes are necessary to learning and useful to teachers. E. English for Specific Purposes Courses designed to match the future work of and needs of groups of leaners, very often groups

25、 with different occupations. 39. ESL English as a Second Language EFL English as a Foreign Language L1 English as a mother tongue 见 p314 表格 40. New Standards P315-316 41. Hong Kong English deviates from Standard English. P318 42. Interlanguage 语际语 /中间语言 /中介语 / 人工帮忙语言 The languages of learners who ha

26、ve only partial control of a language. Intro-national and International use The difference between the use of English inside a country and between that country and the rest of the world. P321 43. The advantages and disadvantages of Local standard and Standard English: 4第 4 页,共 6 页Advantages A. They

27、are easier and quicker to learnso more learners will succeed B. There are useful where there are many languages in use in a country and no commonlanguage. C. Only a minority of people need a language for international use. Disadvantages A. Local standards change quickly and are not well regarded int

28、ernationally. B. If they are use intenationally, they don t do justice to the user or his ideas. C. Local Standards are emerging and changing, so there may not be enough suitable teachers, or teaching materials. P322-323 44. The views of Quirk and Kachru on Standard Other terms in use should be The

29、Quirk view The Kachru view Deficit view Liberation view The term standardOnly to Standard British and Equally to standards use in applied Standard American Englsih Singapore, India, Africa and other places where English is widely used. In schools and colleges or Only these two Standards Local standa

30、rds shouldbe Deviations from British should be studies. studied Are mistakes that are part of Are often clear signs of AmericanStandard English the learning process, and emerging new standards and Teachers of English should be corrected. need not be corrected If they are not mative speakersAre usually not native need to be in constant touchspeakers and can t be with nativ