3.备考总结仪分可能的翻译

1、色层分析（chromatographyic 分析）的发明对于二十世纪的化学，生物化学与医学上的贡献几乎其他单一的发明，今天，色层分析是使用最普遍的分析或分离方法。层析技术不但精确，可靠，快速而且最大的优点是能分离复杂类似的物质并有极高灵敏度。层析技术特别是吸附性色层分析（吸附色谱技术 ）， 于 1906年为一（M 。 Tswett）所发明，并利用于植物学家的分离研究。然而经过二十多年几乎被遗忘，于 1931 年再由三位德语系的化学家（R.），文坦（A. Werstein）与瑞（E.莱德勒），重新利用于类胡萝卜素（类胡萝卜素）的分离研究。随后不到几年变成普遍应用的实验方法。本文即探讨色层分析技术

2、为何遗忘，为何有二十五年的冬眠期。与吸附色层分析技术的发明任何一本色层分析的参考书均描述各种不同的层析方法，如（列）吸附层析，纸上（纸）层析，气液相（气液）层析与高性能（高性能）液相层析等。而本文只首先开发的吸附色层分析。1872 年五月十九日生于义大利西北部的提（阿）;其父为国民，母亲是义大利人出生后全家搬洛桑与日内瓦接受教育，1891 年到，先后在进日内瓦大学理学院念植物学，1896 年得博士学位。在他中，提出的博士是结合于叶蛋白质中。1896 年回，1897 年于圣彼得堡（现在的格勒市）教授植物解剖学与生理学，并做一些体化学上的研究，1901 年任职波兰华沙大学兽医学院与华沙工艺学院讲师

3、，1907 年升任植物学与微生物学正教授。一生最重要的研究工作包括的色层分析均在华沙完成。第一中断了他的研究工作，1915 年他随华沙工艺学次院迁 1917 年至内陆年出任爱沙泥亚（今为一）都巴（Dopart）大学植物系; 1918 年德军再次使他再逃至内陆1919 年六月二十六日死于肺结核（一说为心脏病），时年 47 岁。他的坟墓于第二次遭战火破坏，现已无法寻得。十九世纪末期许多科学家对植物中的非常感，但不稳定容易破坏，在当时尚无一可靠的方法用以分离与提纯。身为植物生物学家，一直不相信化学家以传统化学方法所的，能真正代表活植物中的，他也不相信其他研究员分离的是单一纯粹的物质，他又，当时的化学

4、知识对于植物光合作用的了解一无帮助;很显然认为要了解光合作用，提纯与的素，必须愈接近植物体内的愈好。的一生几乎完全投入的研究。既然不相信化学家的，开始寻找一种可靠且温和的物理方法来将分离，他有系统的试验各种不同抽提的溶剂与超过 100 种以上有选择吸附特性的固体。并演绎出一些吸附性质上的重要法则。一生大约40 篇科学文章，并写了一本书，其中尤以 1906 年于德国植物学杂志的二篇文章最有价值该二文不仅清楚的描述色层分析的技术，并且为色层分析技术命名，其命名已为科学界普遍接受下面摘录其中一段的一些精华部分：“当叶中色素用石油醚萃取后，倒入一充满碳酸钙的，则不同的色素，依其吸附性的强弱，由上到下分

5、成不同的色层，若在同一上倒入纯石油醚冲洗，则分离效果更好。各种色素在碳酸钙上分离，就如光谱一样，是遵照物理法则，能被定性与定量，我称此为色层谱，而其方法则是色层分析方法，当然我描述的吸附现象不只限于，所有无色与有色的化合物均遵照同一法则。“色层（色谱法）是希腊语的混合字。色度意为颜色，而 graphe则为书写之意。不知是有意，还是巧合，的名字在俄语中也是“颜色”的意思。使用吸附层析来分离化合物，并不是第一人。在仕伟之前最活跃者是人戴（日），此人任职于美局前后共 28 年（其中 21 年为矿物组国地质）戴氏于 1897 年将原油加压流入打碎的漂土，原油分成数层;，他并深入研究其原因 1900 年

6、于巴黎第一届国际石油会议和1903 年的第四十三届地质学会，戴氏分别其石油吸附分离的研究结果。戴氏虽然注意到石油吸附分离法可能的应用价值，然而他和他的研究员解释得并不正确且称此法为“毛细扩散法“有二点：第一，在吸附层析技术的贡献戴氏，主要注意并正确的解释色层分离过程;第二，设计用纯溶剂冲洗以提高色层分离效果。这就是今天仕伟被尊称为色层分析技术的开山祖。为何这种非常有效实用的色层分离技术几乎被遗忘呢？我们必须检讨本世纪初期如日中天的德国化学，希望从当时最著名的有机化学家之一的仕塔特（R.Willsttter）来看看化学研究（特别是植物色素）对当时研究天然物化学的影响，找出一些可能的。1.2 A

7、SHORT HISTORY OF HPLCWe have noted the development of liquid chromatography priorto the advent of HPLC (Section 1.1). For a more complete accountof this pre-1965 period, several review articles have beenwrittenbyLesEttre,ourhistorianofchromatography:precursors to chromatography; developments prior t

8、o 1900 10,11invention of chromatography by M. S. Tswetthe early 1900s12 rediscovery of chromatographyhe early 1930s 13A. J. P. Martins invention ofpartition and prchromatographyhe early 1940s 14development of the amino-acidyzer by S. Moore and W. S.Steinhe late 1950s 15development of the gel-permeat

9、ion chromatograph by WatersAssoteshe early 1960s 16 Carl Runge, a Germandye-chemist born in 1856,reported crude dye separationsby means of a technique similar to pr chromatography 10,but neither he nor others pursued the practicalsibilitiesof this work.he late 1890s David Day at the US Geologicalsur

10、vey carried out separations of petroleum by a techniquetresembles classical column chromatography 11; however, hisgoal was not the development of a separation technique, butrather the demonstrationt petroleum deits of differentquality result from their separation during migration throughtheground.As

11、inthecaseofRungeswork, Daysinvestigations did not proceed further.he early 1900s,Mikhail Tswett invented classical column chromatography anddemonstrated its ability to separate different plant extracts12. This was certainly the beginning of chromatography, butthe value of his work was not appreted f

12、or another twodecades.he early 1930s, Tswetts work was rediscovered13,leadingtoanexplosivesubsequentgrowthofchromatography. The invention of pr chromatography by A.J.P.Martin followed in 1943 14,panied by the developmentof thin-layer chromatography betn the late 1930s and themid-1950s 17. This short

13、 summary nesarily omits numerousother contributions to the development of chromatographybefore 1955. The amino-acidyzer,roducedhe late 1950s 15, wasan important precursor to HPLC; it was an automated means foryzing mixtures of amino acids by use of ion-exchangechromatography(Section7.5).Thiswas foll

14、owedbytheinvention of gel permeation chromatography (Section 13.7) byMoore 18 and theroduction in the early 1960s of agel-permeation chromatograph by Waters Assotes 16. Eachof these latter techniques was close in concept to whaterbecame HPLC, differing little from the schematic of Figure 1.1g.In eac

15、h case the solvent was pumped at high prere througha reusable, small-particle column, the column effluent wascontinuously monitored by a detector, and the output ofthe device was a chromatogram as in Figure 1.1h. What each oftheselacked, however, was an ability to separateandyze other kinds of sles.

16、The amino-acidyzer was restricted to theysis ofmixtures of amino acids,while the gel-permeation chromatographwas used exclusively for determining the molecular weightdistribution of synthetic polymers. In neither case were thesedevireadily adaptable for the separation of other sles.During the early

17、1960s, two different groups embarked on thedevelopment of a general-pure HPLC system, under theleadership of Csaba Horvathhe United Ses and JosefHuberin Europe. Each of thesetwo men have described theirearlywork on HPLC in a collection ofal recollections19,and Ettre has provided additional detail on

18、 early workin Horv aths laboratory 20. The immediate results of thesetwo groups, plus related work by otherst was carried outa few years later, are described in publicationst appearedin 1966 to 1968 2, 2124. Theroduction of commerlequipment for HPLC followedhe8RODUCTION late 1960s,with systems from

19、Waters Assotesand DuPont initiallydominating the market. Other companiessoon offered competingequipment, and research on HPLCbeganto accelerate (as seenfrom Fig. 1.2a). By 1971, theHPLC book had been published25, and an HPLC short coursewas offered by the AmericanChemical Society (Modern LiquidChrom

20、atography), with J. J.Kirkland and L. R. Snyder as course instructors). Progressiveimprovements in HPLC from 1960 to 2010 are illustrated by therepresenive separations of Figure 1.5af , which showseparation times decreasing by several orders ofmagnitudeduring this 50-yearerval. Figure 1.5g showshow

21、thisreduction in separation time (,) was related toincreaseshe prere drop across the column (- - -) and areductionhe size of particles ()t were used to pack the column.he early days of HPLC thetechnique was sometimes referredtoashigh-prereliquidchromatographyorhigh-speedliquidchromatography,forreaso

22、nssuggested by Figure 1.5g. Figure 1.5h shows correspondingchanges in column length () and flow rate () for theseparations of Figure 1.5ae. A theoretical foundation for theeventual development ofHPLCwas established well before the1960s. In 1941, Martin reported 27t the mostefficient columns . . . should be obtainaby using very smallparticles and high-prere differenac