2021届上海市杨浦区高三英语二模概要写作指导学案

1、2021杨浦二模Filter(过滤) Bubbles过滤气泡In our digital age, whether we realize it or not, were all becoming trapped in “filter bubbles” invisible, mental cages built from our prejudices and desire for comfort.在我们的数字时代，无论我们是否意识到，我们都被困在“过滤气泡”中无形的、由我们的偏见和对舒适的渴望构成的精神牢笼。 We create this trap by doing things like ex

2、posing ourselves to politically-biased(有偏见的) news and entertainment or surrounding ourselves with like-minded friends. Digital algorithms(算法) enhance our problem by learning what we like and filling our social media with opinionsupporting content. The result is a personalized daily environment that

3、filters out contrary points of view. Media algorithms are intensifying our tendency to self-isolate by strengthening the false view that our opinions are obviously true and moral.我们通过做一些事情来制造这个陷阱，比如让自己暴露在有政治偏见的新闻和娱乐中，或者与志同道合的朋友在一起。 数字算法通过学习我们喜欢什么并在我们的社交媒体上填充意见支持内容来增强我们的问题。 结果是一个个性化的日常环境，可以过滤掉相反的观点。

4、媒体算法通过强化我们的观点显然是真实和道德的错误观点，从而加剧了我们自我孤立的倾向。 We become fooled into believing that our opinions about complex issues are unquestionable. Meanwhile, the filter bubbles of those who disagree with us mislead them in the same way. This partial view of reality weakens our thinking, strains(伤害) our relations

5、hips and divides our societies. How can two people have a respectful, open-minded discussion when they both believe that only a stupid or dishonest person would disagree with them?我们被愚弄了，认为我们对复杂问题的看法是不容置疑的。 同时，那些不同意我们的人的过滤气泡以同样的方式误导他们。 这种对现实的片面看法削弱了我们的思维，使我们的关系紧张并分裂了我们的社会。 当两个人都相信只有愚蠢或不诚实的人会不同意他们的意见

6、时，他们怎么能进行尊重、开放的讨论？ To get along with family, friends and fellow citizens, we must burst our filter bubbles. We can do this by cultivating meaningful relationships with people who think differently from us. This lets us experience the reality that people who believe “bad” things can be just as good a

7、nd as intelligent as we are.为了与家人、朋友和同胞相处，我们必须打破过滤器泡沫。 我们可以通过与与我们想法不同的人培养有意义的关系来做到这一点。 这让我们体验到这样一个现实：相信“坏”事物的人可以和我们一样好，也和我们一样聪明。 We can also receive balanced information by consuming news and entertainment from across the political and ideological scale. Determining right from wrong is complicated.

8、Living outside of our filter bubbles is less comfortable and takes effort, but the personal, relational and societal benefits are rich.我们还可以通过消费政治和意识形态范围内的新闻和娱乐来获得平衡的信息。 判断是非是复杂的。 生活在我们的过滤泡泡之外不太舒服，也需要努力，但个人、关系和社会的好处是丰富的。 【参考答案】Filter bubble is a mental trap created when we read politically-biased ne

9、ws or make friends with like-minded people. Media algorithms with opinionsupporting content worsen the problem. The bubble leads to people having a partial view of reality and not accepting opposing opinions. Therefore, we must break/pop the bubble by developing relationships with people different f

10、rom us and receiving balanced information. (60 words)当我们阅读带有政治偏见的新闻或与志同道合的人交朋友时，过滤泡沫是一种心理陷阱。 带有意见的媒体算法支持内容使问题恶化。 泡沫导致人们对现实有片面的看法，不接受相反的意见。 因此，我们必须通过与与我们不同的人建立关系并接收平衡的信息来打破泡沫。 (60 字) 概要写作的写作步骤第一步：阅读A. 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。B.该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。C. 简要地记下主要观点主题、

11、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应尽量用自己的话完成。不要直接引用原文的句子。B. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。C. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。D. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但

12、是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：”He was in financial difficulties.”6) 还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：Beautiful mounta

13、ins like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括

14、为：Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek an

15、d some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。

16、9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned: “Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagi

17、ne bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly: But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and later on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food

18、, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。