15xdf英语基础班讲义2015考研英语语法

1、英语语法精讲主讲老师：欢迎使用第 1 页第一部分：语法导学一、二、语法考什么？语法讲解（预告篇）(一) 句子的结构(二) 句子的省略 非谓语动词(三) 句子的补充应用 （预告篇）三、第二部分：语法讲解一、句子的结构(一) 简单句1.简单句的：一主一谓简单句的分类：谓语动词的分类简单句的变化：谓语动词的时态语态情态(二) 并列句(三) 复合句复合句 1 名词性从句宾语从句表语从句主语从句同位语从句复合句 2 定语从句复合句 3 状语从句二、 句子的省略 非谓语动词三、 句子的补充(一) 成分的补充：定语状语同位语(二) 句式的补充：倒装强调(三) 考点的补充：itas第三部分：应用一、读句子(一

2、) 基本结构的长难句分析(二) 特殊结构的长难句分析第 2 页结构1.嵌套结构平行结构省略结构二、写句子第一部分：语法导学语法考什么？ 一、二、语法讲解 （预告篇）(一) 句子的结构1.一个句子（一件事）简单句(1)最的简单句：N. + V.(2)简单句的变化：第 3 页例如：2.多个句子的连接（多件事）并列句复合句？ 句子连接的第 4 页例：We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspr reviewspublished in England betn the turn of 20th century and the eve of

3、World Warwas dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was, aime when newsprconsidered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. (2010 年 阅读Text 1)(二) 句子的省略 非谓语动词He is lying in bed, while he is reading a book. He is lying in bed, a book.A woman who was wearing a black coat asked me the way to

4、 the nearest hospital.A woman a black coat asked me the way to the nearest hospital.例：Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their ownproducts. (2011 年 阅读 Text 3)(三) 句子的补充1.成分的补充例：The deciof the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next musicdirector has been the tal

5、k of the classical-music world ever since the suddenannouncement of his appoment in 2009. (2011 年 阅读 Text 1)第 5 页请划出补充的成分：例： One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economicmotives ist most members of the land community have no economic value.(2010 年翻译)例： Writinghe last year of h

6、is life, he expressed the opiniontwo orthree respects his mind had changed during the precedin(2008 年翻译)enty or thirty years.句式的补充：倒装强调考点的补充：it / as三、应用 （预告篇）1.读句子 （完形阅读）2.写句子 （写作）：写的对写的好根据讲解，在下面的例句上划出分析的部分：例：The same dramatic technological changes more (and more diverse) communications choive provi

7、ded marketers withhave also increased the risktpasate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and muchmore damaging ways. (2011 年阅读 Text 3)例： While traditional “paid” media such asevicommerls and pradvertisements still play a major role, companies today can exploit manyalternat

8、ive forms of media. (2011 年阅读 Text 3)第 6 页例：. what we areerested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on thetestt the child will do better or worsen other children of his age at taskswhich we think require “generalelligence.” (1992 年翻译)例： It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate,

9、many elementshe landcommunityt lack commerl value, butt are essential to its healthyfunctioning. (2010 年翻译)例： Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great,delight. (2008 年翻译)第二部分：语法讲解一、句子的结构(一) 简单句1.简单句的简单句的： N. + V.（一主一谓）部分？ 2.简单句的分类：取决于的分类第 7 页简单句的分类 练习：1)2)3)4)5)Yester

10、day morning I went to the church.Most boysy class liked playing football.Some schools give their students a long summer vacation.Watching fun movies allows me to take a break from my busy routine.Computers havee very useful toolsodern life.简单句的分类例： On the other some of his critics(2008 年翻译)应用：hand,

11、he did not accept as well founded the charge made byt, while he was a good observer, he had noer of reasoning.例： Dr. Worm acknowledgest these figures are conservative. One reason fort fishing technology has improved. (2006 年阅读 Text 3)this is3.简单句的变化主要研究谓语动词的变化：时态语态情态(1)谓语动词时态的变化中最常用的时态：第 8 页特别注意：1)现

12、在完成时He has left.We have studied English for ten years.They have tried to help himdreds of times.例： The reason, of course, islow. (2006 年阅读 Text 2)t costs have rocketed and ticket prihave stayed例： The notion ishave happenedt people have failed to detect the massive changes whichhe ocean because they

13、have been looking back only a relativelyshort timeo the past. (2006 年阅读 Text 3)例： The deciof the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its nextmusic director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the suddenannouncement of his appoment in 2009. (2011 年阅读 Text 1)2)过去完成时 vs.

14、 一般过去时例： Writinghe last year of his life, he expressed the opiniontwoor three respects his mind had changed during the precedinyears. (2008 年翻译)enty or thirty第 9 页3)现在完成进行时 （have/has beenng）例： The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading othergentlemens.t kind of electronic spying

15、 has been goingonfordecades.(2003 年阅读 Text 1)4)过去将来时 (would do ; was/were going to do)(2)谓语动词语态的变化 ：语态语态 跟时态相结合1)be + done例： The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basicdiscipline in European universities. (2007 年翻译)ellectual例： Is been foundt even people insensitive to a certain sme

16、ll atcane sensitive to it when exed to it often enough.(2005 年完形填suddenly空)第 10 页语态 跟情态动词相结合2)例： It may be saidt the measure of the worth of any sol institution is itseffect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of itsoriginal motive. (2009 年翻译)(3)谓语动词 情态的变化例： In such

17、a case, the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. (2011 年阅读 Text 3)例： Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldnve hadkids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the messaget children arethe single most import

18、ant thinghe world: obviously their misery must be a direct, baby-size holesheir lives. (2011 年阅读 Text 4)result of the ga注意：掌握谓语动词的时态语态情态的变化，是为了帮助大家更加准确的定位谓语动词（谓语动词不一定是一个单词，有可能是几个单词看懂句子。例： Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn），进而ve hadkids, but unhappy childless folks are bot

19、hered with the messaget children arethe single most important thinghe world: obviously their misery must be a direct, baby-size holesheir lives. (2011 年阅读 Text 4)result of the ga(二) 并列句并列句的含义：多件事（多个句）之间同等重要，用连接起来。并列连词：(1)表示顺接：. and .; both . and .;not only ., but . as well / but also . / but .表示转折:表

20、示选择:表示因果:but; yet; still; while; however. or .; either . or .; neither . nor . for . (原因); . so .(结果)第 11 页练习 划出并列连词：例： In such a case, the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. (2011 年阅读 Text 3)例：he former case the education is inciden

21、tal; it is natural and important,but it is not the express reason of the assotion. (2009 年翻译)例：. none of these requirements should deter large retailers from trying theirhand, for thoset master thericacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reapconsiderable gains. (2012 年阅读)3.并列句的省略 并列结构（平行结构）I am a

22、teacher and I like English. I am a teacher and like English.I am lying in bed and I am reading a book.I am lying in bed and reading a book.I want to leave and I want to go abroad.I want to leaveand to go abroad.练习 划出并列的成分（平行结构）：例： The finanl crisis has made it more acceptable to be betn jobs or to l

23、eavea bad one. (2011 年阅读 Text 2)例： To be sure, he performs an impressive variety oferesting comitions, butit is not nesary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to heareresting orchestral music. (2011 年阅读 Text 1)例： All I have tos to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and downlo

24、adstill more recorded music from Tunes. (2011 年阅读 Text 1)例： For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classicalinstrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater第 12 页companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performanclassical musins of the

25、20th century. (2011 年阅读 Text 2)of the great例： Besides generatinge, the presence of other marketers makes the siteseem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information aboutthe appeal of other companies marketing, and may help expand user traffic for allcompanies concerned. (201

26、1 年阅读 Text 3)(三) 复合句 1 名词性从句1.宾语从句(1)宾语从句的含义：一个 作 。(2)宾语从句的写法：总结：宾语从句的写法 + 第 13 页练习 写出宾语从句：我承诺我会帮助你。1)I promiseI will help you.你从来没告诉过我，你对电脑做了什么。you had done to my computer.2)You never told me他们不知道他们是否会按时完成工作。They dont know they will finish the work on time.3)知道什么时候会出发。4)I wonder we will set out.你能告

27、诉我什么时候会出发吗?5)Can youl me ?宾语从句的位置：I dont know when you will finish the work.(3)1)No onels me when you will finish the work.2)3)I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.Are youitive (t) youve never seen t man before?表语从句： 一个 作 ，位于后。2.My concern ist people dont care about others.The question remains

28、whetheople will buy it.3.主语从句：(1)主语从句的含义： 一个 作 。(2)主语从句的写法：同 从句（但不能省略；只能用，不能用 if）(3)主语从句的位置：位置 1: 句首Whether we will go cing depends on the weather.第 14 页位置 2: 句尾(句首用形式主语 it)It depends on the weather whether we will go cing.注意：两种位置，意思相同。但更常用的是位于句尾的主语从句。4.同位语从句(1)同位语从句的含义：一个 作 ，解释说明。(2)同位语从句的位置：名词后（例如

29、：fact, idea, news, dream, suggestion, advice, report .）(3)同位语从句的写法：同 从句最常用的是：“t+陈述句”这种 （注意：t 不作成分，但不能省略）I have no doubtt he will help me.I support the argumentt the problems of school buses must be taken seriously.练习 找出名词性从句，并判断是哪一种：例： Writinghe last year of his life, he expressed the opiniontwo ort

30、hree respects his mind had changed during the precedin(2008 年翻译)enty or thirty years.例： One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economicmotives ist most members of the land community have no economic value.(2010 年翻译)例： Its no surpriset Jennifer Seniors insightful, provocative mag

31、azine coverstory, “I Love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter. (2011 年阅读Text 4)例： He pos outt he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himselfclearly and concisely, but he bevest this very difficulty may have had thecompensating advantage of forcing him to think long an

32、d第 15 页ently about everysentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his ownobservations. (2008 年翻译)(三) 复合句 2 定语从句1.定语从句的含义：一个 作 ，去修饰限定 。2.定语从句的位置：所修饰限定的 后3.定语从句的写法：(1)两个句子的合并，写出定语从句(2)了解(3)关系词如何选择？ 取决于 第 16 页注意：关系词 which/t/who/whom 作宾语，可以省略。例： All I have to s to go to my CD

33、shelf, or boot up my computer and downloadstill more recorded music from Tunes. (2011 年阅读 Text 1)练习关系词的选择：1)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)I have a class begins at 8:00 am.The lawyer my brother called didnt answer the phone. My daughter asked me a question I couldnt answer.The people sathe stadium cheered for the ho

34、me team.Leo is the student bike was stolen.Australia is one of the few countries people drive on the left. Sunday is the day people usually dont go to work.Is there any particular reason you cant come?练习写定语从句I lost the book .(4)1)我弄丢了上周从馆借的书。2)The woman was feeding pigeons.我在公园看见的那位正在喂鸽子。3)We like P

35、rofessor Lee .喜欢，他的讲座非常。4)The bus is usually very crowded.天上学坐的那辆车总是很拥挤。5)I cant remember the day .我记不起上一次是什么时候碰面的。第 17 页4.定语从句的分类：I met your friend who is staying in Paris.I met your mother, who is staying in Paris.限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句练习（填入逗号和关系词）：1)2)3)4)He came from Beijing is the capital of China.He

36、came from a city ishe north of China.This is Bill Gates many people know him as the richest man.This is the businessman we are cooperating with.注意：非限定性定语从句不仅可以修饰前面的名词，还可以修饰前面整句话。The company will get back to youhree days, which is one of the typical rules.例： Withwoks, he was talking for thetime with

37、thof HartfordFinanl ServiGroup, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.(2011 年阅读 Text 2)例： This trend, which we beretailers and travel provider further. (2011 年阅读 Text 3)ve is still in its infancy, effectively began withch as airlines and hos and will no doubt go5.定语从句的补充：(1)介词提前的定语从句This

38、is the job which/t/X I have dreamed of for years.This is the job of which I have dreamed for years.例： Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in whichthey live, thubjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.（2003 年翻译）第 18 页例： With regard to Futurist

39、poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, forwhatever Futurist poetry may be - even admittingt the theory on which it isbased may be right - it can hardly be classed as Literature.（2000 年阅读 Text 3）特殊关系词的定语从句as(2)例： Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry - WilliamShakespeare -

40、but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.（2006 年阅读 Text 2）例： This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned insome branch of humnowledge is one thing, living in public and illustriousthoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.（2006 年

41、翻译）wherebyby which/through which例： The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the facttteaching has traditionally been the method whereby many living.（2006 年翻译）ellectuals earn their例： He sees the firms outsider sus as the key to itcs. Straitfords briefsdont sound like the usual W

42、ashington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoiddramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.（2003 年阅读 Text 1）结构的定语从句(3)例： As a linguist, he acknowledgest all varieties of human language, includingnon-standard ones like Black English, can beerfully expressive - there exists nohe worldt

43、 cannot convey complex ideas.（2005 年阅读language or dialectText 4）例： It can be predicted, however,t from time to time, questions will arisewhich will require specific scientific answers.（1996 年翻译）(4)定语从句与同位语从句的区别第 19 页例： The ideat some groups of people may be more elligent n others isone of those hypo

44、thesest dare not speak its name.（2008 年 知识运用）例： The way consumers now approach the pros of making purchase decismeanst marketings impact stems from the broad range octorsconventional paid media. (2011 年阅读 Text 3)(三) 复合句 3 状语从句1.状语从句的含义：一个 作 ，去修饰限定 。2.状语从句的写法：I willl him the news, when he comes home

45、later.+ 3.状语从句的分类：(主要取决于)第 20 页4.状语从句的补充：时间条件状语从句中表示将来，要换成一般现在时。If it rains tomorrow, we will not go for aic.I will let him know, when he comes home later.改错练习：1)2)3)Thes will review your work after she will return from vacation nextk.Ill give you a call on myas soon as my plane will land.I dont lik

46、e my current job, but Im going to stay with this company until I willfind something better.If it wont be cold tomorrow, well go to the beach. If it will be cold tomorrow, we will go to a movie.4)5)第 21 页二、 句子的省略 非谓语动词非谓语动词的含义：还是词，但是不作。1.非谓语动词的由来：He is lying in bed, while he is reading a book. He is

47、lying in bed, a book.2.A woman who was wearing a black coat asked me the way to the nearesthospital.A woman a black coat asked me the way to the nearest hospital.非谓语动词的分类：ng叫做 / , 表示 Talking with you is always a pleasure. He is keen on taking photographs.Some boys like playing tennis.3.(1)Passing pl

48、anes can be heard night and day.The teacher cameo the classroom, holding a book in his hand.done叫做 , 表示 He bought a used car.(2)The teacher cameo the classroom, followed by five students.to do叫做 , 表示 (3)I have a lot ofI am coming to see you.to do.To see is to beve.注意：ng, done, to do 单独出现时才是非谓语动词。（例如

49、 I am coming. 其中 coming 和 am 一起出现，是谓语动词。）第 22 页4.非谓语动词的应用：例：Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. (2011 年 阅读 Text 3)练习 划出句子中的谓语动词非谓语动词：United we stand, divided we fall. (2005 年翻译)1)y deci,” McGee says. (2011 年2)Broadcasting his ambition was “very mu阅读 Text 2)

50、3)Rathern cloaking his exithe usual vague excuses, he came right out andsaid he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” (2011 年阅读Text 2)4)Writinghe last year of his life, he expressed the opiniontwo or threerespects his mind had changed during the precedin(2008 年翻译)enty or thirty years

51、.5)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code whichactivity. (2006 年翻译)Finding ways to assist this growing homeless population has increasingly difficult. (2006 年完型)erns his6)e三、 句子的补充(一) 成分的补充1.定语定语的含义？ 定语的位置？ 前置定语后置定语 （指的是放在词的前或后）常用的作定语的有 6 种:, , , , , 2.状语状语的含义？ 常用的作状语的有 5 种:, , ,

52、, 第 23 页3.同位语同位语的含义？ 常用作同位语的有：名词，代词，动名词，从句。（注意标点: 逗号,破折号,冒号;或标志词: for exle, such as, namely 等）例：The deciof the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next musicdirector has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the suddenment in 2009. (2011 年 阅读 Text 1)announcement of his

53、appo去掉补充的成分，句子的部分是: The decihas been the talk.练习 划出句子中补充的成分：1)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economicmotives ist most members of the land community have no economic value.(2010 年翻译)Writinghe last year of his life, he expressed the opinion2)two or threerespects his mind h

54、ad changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.(2008 年翻译)Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly3)hard, Senior writesmoods can later be sour(2011 年阅读 Text 4)t“the very thingst in the moment den ourofense gratification and delight.”4)Even people insensitiv

55、eto a certain smell atcan suddenlyesensitive to it when exed to it often enough. (2005 年完型)5)Databases used by some companies dont rely on dollected systematicallybut rather lump together information from different research projects. (2009 年阅读 Text 2)This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvan

56、tage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of thealphabet. (2004 年 阅读 Text 2)6)7)For all thesibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuckin download mode. (2012 年阅读新题型)第 24 页8)Even today, in our industrial life, apart from

57、certain values of industriousnessand thrift, theellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of humanassotion under which the worlds work is carried on receives little attentionas compared with physical output. (2009 年翻译)(二) 句式的补充1.倒装(1)倒装的含义？ (中最常考查的是倒装)(2)倒装的分类：全部倒装：地点状语位于句首Here comes the bus.例：

58、Among the firms making the biggest splashhis new world is Straitford, Inc.,elligence-ysis firm based in Austin, Texas. (2003 年阅读 Text 1)a private部分倒装：1)only + 状语状语从句 位于句首We can learn English well onlyhis way.Only his way can we learn English well.2)否定副词有否定含义的词位于句首n he refused. n he refused.He had no

59、 sooner got an inviNo soonerhad he got an inviionion3)虚拟条件句，省略 ifIf you had won the game, you would have had the chance to go abroad. Had you won the game, you would have had the chance to go abroad.练习 划出句子中倒装的部分，并且分辨出为什么倒装：1)And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined historybottom up. (

60、2008 年阅读 Text 4)fromthe第 25 页2)However, only in recent years has ite a feature of undergraduateprograms in Canadian universities. (2007 年翻译)Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they3)had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system acpeople every day. (2012 年阅读