托福90分周测第二周测试卷

1、TOEFL 本科直通车冲 90 分班测试卷Reading句子简化题（20 题）1. An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The nowextinct whale Ambulocetus natans (“the walking whalet swam”) lived in theTethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years aftakicetus but 9million before Basilosaurus

2、. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whaleretained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means ofotionodern cetaceans.The st

3、ructure of the backbone shows, however,t Ambulocetus swam like modernwhales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke wasmissing. The large hind legs were used for propulin water. On land, where itprobably bred and gave birth, AmbuIocetus may have moved around very much

4、 like amodern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whalet linked life on land with life at sea.Which of the sentenbelow best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choi important ways or leave out essential information.change the meaning inEven though Ambul

5、ocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows like modern whales.t it swamBy moving the rear parts of their bodies up

6、 and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.2. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty ofreversing or even slowing the pros. Once the soil has

7、 been removed by ero,only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it sible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.Which o

8、f the senten highlighted sentence inbelow best expresses the essential information in thethe passage? Incorrect choichange the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and gre

9、at numbers of people.Slowing down the pros of desertification is difficult because of populationgrowths spread over large areas of land.The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problemt can be solvedonly if large numbers of people in various countries are involvedhe effort.Desertification

10、is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.3. These Kinetoscope arcades were med on phonograph parlors, which hadproven sucsful for Edison several years earr. In the phonograph parlors,customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving

11、 fromone The hetmachine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pie Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was moreof music. erested he fisale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlorsnwould be run in them (which cost approximay $10 to $15 each).He refu

12、sed todevelop projection technology, reasoning t if he made and sold projectors, thenexhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.Which of the sentenbelow best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence from the passage? Incorrect answer choi

13、change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Edison was moreerested in develoa variety of machinesn indeveloa technology based on only one.Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines

14、.Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed topurchase moren one projector from him.4. The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists influenced by our values, b

15、y the ways in which weassertt our behavior isret our situations and bychoice. For exle, people who bevet aggresis nesary and justified-asduring wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who bevet aparticular war or act of aggresis unjust, or who thinkt aggresis neverjustified, are less

16、likely to behave aggressively.The creation of a labor forcet was accustomed to working in factories did notoccur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home.Apprentiwere considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not onlyfor teaching their apprenti a

17、trade but also for providing them some education andfor supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knewt if they perfected theirskill, they coulde respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilledartisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts ofense labor al

18、ternating with more leisurely time.Which of the sentenbelow best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentencehe passage? Incorrect answer choichange the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.Masters demanded moral behavior from apprenti irresponsibly.but often

19、 treated themThe responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went a trade.the teaching ofMasters preferred to maain the trade within the family by supervising andeducating the younger family members.Masters who trained members of their own family as apprenti excellence from them.demanded5. One

20、potential problem is t opening the mouth to breathe detracts from thestreamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down. Some species of tuna havespelized grooves in their tongue. It is thoughtt these grooves help to channelwater through the mound out the gill slits, thereby reducing water.Whi

21、ch of the senten highlighted sentencebelow best expresses the essential information in thehe passage? Incorrect answer choichange the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.These fishes often have a problem opening their mouths while swimming.The streamlining of these fishes pre

22、vents them from slowing down.The streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing.Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the speed of these fishes.6. In some ways the sol makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitivein winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have si

23、gnificant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neith arty could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyeddisproportionate strength among the business and commerl classes. Whigsappealed to planters who needed credit to f

24、inance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the marketorfortable with it, workers anated from the emerging industrial system, andrising entreprene

25、urs who wanted to break monopos and open the economy toers like themselves. The Whigs were strongesthe towns, cities, and thoserural areast were fullyegratedo the market economy, whereas Democratsdominated areas of semisubsistence farming economically.t were more isolated and languishingWhich of the

26、 senten highlighted sentence inbelow best expresses the essential information in thethe passage? Incorrect choichange the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.Whigs were able to attract support only because Democrats dominated in other areas.he wealthiest parts of the economyW

27、hig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split bet rural areas, respectively.n urban andThe semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs control of the market economy.The Democratser was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs werestrong

28、esthose areas where the market was already fully operating.7. Most investigators concurt certain fal expresggest the same emotionsin all people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifestedby the fal express. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of peopleexhibiti

29、ng the emotions oer, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then askedpeople around the world to indicate what emotions were being dcted in them.Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe t dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore

30、, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Forealso displayed familiar fal express when asked how they would respond if theywere the characters in storiest called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and hiscolleagues more recently obtained similar result

31、s in a study of ten cultures in whichparticipants were permitted to reportt multiple emotions were shown by falexpress. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were beingshown and which emotion was moreense.Which of the senten highlighted sentence inbelow best expresses the essential

32、 information in thethe passage? Incorrect choichange the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.The Fores fa story characters.l express indicated their unwillingness to pretend to beThe Fore were asked to display familiar fa stories.l express when they told theirThe Fore exhibit

33、ed the same relationship of falexpress and basicemotionst is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories.The Fore were familiar with the fa characters in stories.l express and basic emotions of8. Hills and mountains are often regarded as thetome of permanence, sucsfullyresisting the destruct

34、ive for of nature, but in fact they tend to be relativelyshort-lived in geological terms. As a general rule, the higher a mountain is, the morerecently it was formed; for exle, the high mountains of the Himalayas are onlyabout 50 million years old. Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the

35、 eroded relics of much higher mountain chains. About 400 million years ago, when the present-day continents of North America and Europe were joined, the Caledonian mountain chain was the same size as the modern Himalayas. Today, however, the relics of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain-building period

36、) exist as thecomparatively low mountains of Greenland, the northern Appalachianshe UnitedSes, the Scottish Highlands, and the Norwegian coastal plateau.Which of the senten highlighted sentence inbelow best expresses the essential information in thethe passage? Incorrect choichange the meaning inimp

37、ortant ways or leave out essential information.When they are relatively young, hills and mountains sucsfully resist thedestructive forof nature.Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.Hills and mountainc for a short time.sfully resist

38、the destructive forof nature, but onlyHills and mountains resist the destructive for types of landforms.of nature bettern other9. The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies gre rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities mayy from one kind of be the same. Whathappens depend

39、s on pore size. If the pores are large, the waterhem will exist asdrops too heavy for surface tento hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores aresmall enough, the water in them will exist as thin fi, too light toe theforce of surface tenholding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.

40、Which of the senten highlighted sentence inbelow best expresses the essential information in thethe passage? Incorrect choichange the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.Surface tenis not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with largepores but it strong enough to

41、hold on to thin fiof water in rocks with small pores.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small sizepores through surface ten.Small pores and large pores botheract with surface tento determinewhether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.If the force

42、of surface tenis too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops,the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.10. But neither the human imiive instinct nornchant for fantasy by itself leadsto ne exan autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations ar

43、e needed. One sary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. Forle, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vi, since l norms ascomedy require ridiculous ratherfficient detaent to view some deviations from son as serious threats to the welfare of the entire

44、group. Anotherconditiont contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergenceof the aesthetic sense.rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained asparts of their oral tradition the myths them for their artistic qualities ratherd grown up around

45、 the rites and admired n for their religious usefulness.Which of the senten highlighted sentence inbelow bestexpresses the essential information in thethe passage? Incorrect choichange the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.A societys rites were more likely to be retained we

46、re admired for artistic qualities.he oral tradition if its mythsThe artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.Some early societies stopped using mythsheir religious practiwhen rites ceased to be seen as useful for sol well-being.

47、Myths sometimes survived in a societys tradition because of their artisticqualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously benefil.11. There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such adramaticsation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environme

48、ntalfactors may play a role. Too much snow, for exle, can smother trees, andavalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Laying snow redutheeffective growing season to the powhere seedlings cannot establish themselves.Wind velocity also increases wiltitude and may cause serious stress for t

49、rees, as ismade evident by the deformed shs at high altitudes. Some scientists have proedt the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play arole, whirowsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributingfactor. Probably the most important environmental f

50、actor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannotmature sufficiently to survive the wer months.Which of the sentenbelow best express the essential informationhe highlightedsentencehe passage? In correct choichange the meaning in im

51、portant ways orleave out essential information.Because of their deformed shsat high altitudes, trees are not likely to beFor exle, some early societies ceased to consider certainseriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, lea

52、ding to a seriousdecreasehe number of trees found at high altitudes.The deformed shs of trees at high altitudes showt wind velocity, whichincrease wiltitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the sh may cause serious stress for trees.s of trees, a

53、nd this12.pure, architecture employs methods of support t, because they are based onphysical laws, have changed little since people building materials have changed dramatically. The discovered them-even while worlds architectural structureshave also been devised in relation to the objective limiions

54、 of materials. Structurescan beyzederms of how they deal with downward forcreated by gravity.They are designed to withstand the forof compres(pushing together), ten(pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.Which of the senten highlighted sentence inbelow

55、 best expresses the essential information in thethe passage? Incorrect choichange the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings can be made with materials discovered long ago.tBuilding materials have changed i

56、n order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.When peoplestarted to build, the structural methods used to providestrengnd size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in

57、 architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.13. The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formationt unders some 583,000 squarekilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the

58、 Ogallala for thepast 30,000 years. Estimates indicate t the aquifer contains enough water to fillLake Huron, but unfortunay, under the semiarid climatic conditionst presentlyexisthe region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to abouthalf a centimeter a year.Which of the senten

59、highlighted sentence inbelow best expresses the essential information in thethe passage? Incorrect choichange the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the regions climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.

60、In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength nesary to meet itsAlthough the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.Because of the regions present climatic conditions, water is being adde