一阶 语法讲义 定稿

1、一阶 语法讲义 定稿一阶 语法讲义 定稿43/43一阶 语法讲义 定稿 基础语法基本句型：简单句&并列句1简单句的构成My father is listening to the popular music in the garden.The handsome boy is my brother.主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 表语 补语简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语 (不及物动词）；（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。 谓语 实义动词 及物动词 watch, see 不及物动词 sit 系动词 be

2、 动词； 一些实义动词用作系动词：feel, taste, smell 等；He is crying.Parents watch TV every night.My father gave me some advice.We can make our country beautiful.The boy is the tallest in the class.2并列句两个简单句并列在一起，中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。并列句不能只用逗号隔开，而要用连接词连接。连接词：（1）并列关系句型：连接词有 and, eitheror，neithernor, not onlybut also eg: La

3、st year I met Kate and we became friends.Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.（2）转折概念并列句型：转折词有 but eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk.（3）对比关系的并列句型： eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps.简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。主语 施动者或动作的主体宾语 受动者通常主语和宾语由名词或代词构成I love you.（一）名词 1. 可数名词有单复数之分，若名词

4、为单数，通常前面要加冠词 a/an、the 进行限定；若名词为复数，可以加上 the，或者直接用复数名词，或者加上数词来进行限定。不定冠词：a/an，通常表示一，但是不强调数目，翻译时注意；eg：Germany is a European country.定冠词：表示特定或特指eg：Is this the book that you are looking for?定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象：如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物the+名词：表示全部或者整体eg：Do you know who invented the computer？用于乐器或专有名词前，如 play the

5、piano、the Thames2 不可数名词：通常是物质名词或者抽象名词, 其前可以不加任何东西，若有特指，可以加 the.前面可以加单位词，进行分类：常见单位词：a piece of +advice /bread /cloth /fortune /information /music/muse a bit of、an item of、an article of名词在翻译中遇到的问题：（1）不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式：eg：waterwaters（水域、海洋），sandsands（沙滩），woodwoods（树林），goods（商品），ash 和 ashes（废墟）(2)名词的格：s

6、以及 of逻辑语义：Rachel：Im Carols ex-husbands sisters roommate.Doctor：Im your roommates brothers ex-wifes obstetrician. (产科医生)老友记of: 理清逻辑语义，翻译方法：“A of B”翻译成“B 的 A”The coming of age of post-war baby boom brought remarkable influence upon American society. 特殊：China is proud of its five thousand years of the

7、history and culture.（二）代词1人称代词第一、二、三人称，主格、宾格、所有格I, you, he, she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its.2. 物主代词形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, our, their，后面加名词；名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs，后面不能加名词。eg: May I borrow your pen?Mine is missing.3.反身代词：通过反身代词指代主语，使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出

8、者本人。强调人称问题。eg：I myself took Mary to the airport.I cooked it myself.指示代词：this, that, these, those不定代词：some，someone，something，any，anyone，anything，no，no one，nothing，all，both，neither，either，each，every，everybody，everyone，everything.一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别（1）all, each, every： all 和 every 可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物；all 可以表示

9、所有东西的总和，是一个不可分割的整体； each 只能表示两个或两个以上的人，侧重个体；（2）everyoneevery one everyone 等同于 everybody，all people ，指的是所有的人；eg：Everyone thinks they have the right to be here. every one 既可以指人，也可以指物，强调一个个体，通常用 every one of ；eg：Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.Every one of the films we have shown this year

10、has been a succes. （3）no onenoneno one 只能指人，none 既可以指人，也可以指物，none 后面还可以接 of；eg：No one failed the examination.None of the students failed the examination.it 的用法（1）指代人，通常用于口语中；（2）书面语： it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等eg：Its three years since I saw him. it 用来前指或者后指eg：Ive lost my book. Where is it？There is no doubt a

11、bout it that he was a fine teacher. it 做形式主语eg：Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly？ it 做形式宾语，通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语（形容词）之间，真正的宾语放在宾补之后常见动词有：feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard eg：She thinks it no use telling me.He has made it clear that he wouldnt agree to

12、 the plan. it 用于强调句，构成句型 Itsthat/who如何区分强调句中的 it 和形式主语中的 it？eg：Its clear that they have won.如果 Its 和 that 去掉后，剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子，就是强调句；否则，即为形式主语。（三） 数词数词分为基数词和序数词1. 表示大约的词汇：about，approximately，around，roughly，some，more or less, or so; eg：About 200 people were killed in the crash.The town is 5 Miles or s

13、o from here.表示多于的词汇：above，more than, over表示少于，不到的词汇：almost，below，less than, under eg：Its 2:57, and its almost 3 oclock一些可以直接表示数字的单词： dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million这些词前面出现基数词，表示确切的数时，不能加复数；若不能表明确切数字，只是说大约有多少的时候，以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词，但是可以将其变为复数，后加 of；eg：There are millions of kinds of matter in

14、the world.（四）形容词和副词形容词还可以做表语，放在 be 动词之后；英语中有一些词语作表语和作定语时，含义会有所不同：（1）certain：作定语时，表示特定的:eg: A certain Mr. Wang just came here to look for you.作表语时，表示当然的，一定，相当于 be sure；（2）complete：作定语时，表示完全的:作表语时，表示完成的或完美的；（3）ill：作定语时，表示坏的；作表语时，表示有病的；（4）late:作定语时，表示已故的；作表语时，表示晚的、迟到的；（5）ready：作定语时，表示现成的；作表语时，表示准备好的、愿意

15、做；（6）present：作定语时，表示目前的，相当于 current；作表语时，表示出席，参加；the+形容词：表示一类人；eg: the old, the poor, the blind, the rich, the young, the wounded通常由副词构成，副词可以修饰动词，形容词，乃至整个句子；副词通常是褒义的，有部分是有否定含义的，常见否定含义副词有 seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely；其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念；形容词和副词的比较级：（1）一些没有比较级的形容词和副词：单词本身的含义是表示比年长、比优秀、比优等时，没有比较级概念；如 suprem

16、e，inferior，junior，senior，prior ，后面搭配的介词一般是 to，而不用 than.有些单词本身的含义即是最，独一无二，没有比较级概念；如 absolute，entire，excellent，favorite，final.（2）同级比较和异级比较：同级比较：asas/timesas异级比较： （倍数或修饰词，表示多或少）+比较级+than常见的修饰比较级的词有：much、still，even，by far，a bit，a little, a good deal 或者倍数；eg：The photography of Mars taken by satellite are

17、 much clearer than those taken from earth.比较级特殊用法词汇：morethan：eg：He is more clever than honest.the+比较级：越来越eg：The harder you work, the more you will learn.谓语 实义动词 及物动词 watch, see 不及物动词 sit 系动词 be 动词； 一些实义动词用作系动词：feel, taste, smell 等；简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语 (不及物动词）；（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；（4）主语+谓语+间

18、接宾语+直接宾语；（5）主语+系动词+表语。谓语动词形式一: 英语时态1. 一般现在时（1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作；eg：I get up at 7 o clock in the morning.I leave school for home at 6 every evening.（2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实；eg：The teacher told us: the earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.2. 一般过去时两种变化形式：在动词后加 ed 或不规则变化的动词；在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作

19、或存在的状态：常用时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等；eg：Did you go to Shanghai last week?补充：used to/be used to一般过去式和过去完成时的对比：（1）过去完成时：过去的过去；eg：Before I came to Beijing, I had stayed in Shanghai. 一个句子里有两个谓语动词，一个发生在前，一个发生在后，发生在前的用一般过去时，发生在后的用过去完成时；eg：When the police arrived, the

20、thieves had run away. 表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示原本，却未能eg：We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didnt.3. 一般将来时（1）shall/will,shall 用于第一人称，常被 will 所代替;eg：Which paragraph shall I read fi

21、rst？（2）be going to +不定式，表示将来；表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹象表明要发生；eg：What are you going to do tomorrow? What will you do this afternoon?will 表示纯粹的将来；（3）be +不定式：表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事；eg：We are to/will discuss the report next Saturday.（4）be about to +不定式：意为马上做某事，后面不可以接时间状语；eg：He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：（1

22、）一般现在时有时也可表将来；eg：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 趋向性动词 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时表将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。eg：When does the bus star? It starts in ten minutes. 在时间或条件句中，用一般现在时表将来；eg：Ill write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.（2）现在进行时也可表将来：通常用于口语，翻译为打算；come, go

23、, start, arrive, leave, stay 等词可以用进行时表将来；I am leaving for some important thing.OK, see you.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果对现在造成影响。（1）过去发生的动作发生到现在，刚刚完成；（2）从过去发生的动作，发生到现在，刚刚告一段落，但是后面会继续发生；eg：I have just finished my homework. It has rained for 3 days.过去时及现在完成时的区别：（1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时

24、为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。eg：I came to Beijing in 1995.I have stayed in Beijing since 1995.（2）过去时常及具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常及段的时间状语连用，或无时间状语；一般过去时常用时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October（具体时间）现在完成时常用时间状语：for, since, so far（长期的段时间）eg：He had dinner with me yesterday.I have played basketball for

25、3 hours.（3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know；过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等；eg：He got married two years ago.I have lived in Beijing for 10 years.用于现在完成时的句型（1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the fir

26、st time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.（2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.典型例题Have you _ been to our town before?No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come

27、B. even, have comeC. ever, comeD. ever, have come答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为 never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。since 和 for 的用法：since 用来说明动作起始时间，for 用来说明动作延续时间长度;eg：I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived h

28、ere since I was born.for 后面多接一段时间，而 since 后面则接一个时间点，若 since 后面也出现时间段，则在时间段后加 ago；eg： I have lived here sincetwenty years ago.错句：I have worked here since many years.since 句型：It is +一段时间+ since 从句，since 从句要用一般过去时；eg：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.It is three years since I joined

29、 the army.进行时态：一般进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时；现在完成进行时：have/has+been+doing现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：eg：It has rained for 3 days.It has been raining for 3 days.现在完成时不强调某一动作在某段时间内持续发生，现在完成进行时表示某一时间段内某动作持续发生。eg：I have been learning English for 5 years. I have been learned English for 5 years.谓语动词形式二:被动语态be+动词过去分词； eg Forests

30、 have been cleared.They were given a warm send off.Their wedding will be held in the church.不强调施动者，而只强调受动者；eg：The book was written 20 years ago.主动形式表示被动意思某些既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词用的动词，在他们作不及物动词用时，可以用主动形式表示被动意思，如 write, wash, wear, sell, cut, tear（撕），burn, play 等，常及它们连用的词为 well, easily, smoothly 等。如 The coat

31、 washes well.这件大衣很耐洗。在 be worth doing 句型中表示被动含义，如 The book is worth reading在 need, want, require 等后的动名词表示被动含义，如 The flowers need watering. 感官动词如 feel, taste, smell, look 等主动形式表示被动含义，如 The fish tastes good. 短语 run out, wear out, give out 等主动形式表被动含义，如 My socks have worn out.谓语动词形式三:情态动词+动词情态动词是指它含有一定的

32、含意，可以表达某种感情和说话的口气，但是它不可以单独使用作谓语动词。情态动词主要包括 can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would, dare, need, have to, used to, had better, would rather 等。1. 情态动词+动词原形I can swim across the river.He should help the poor in the remote areas.Youd better take your parents advice if you want

33、 to fulfill your dream. 2. could/might+ have +动词过去分分词特殊语言现象：虚拟语气would +have +过去分词 should + have + 过去分词英语复合句（一） 定语从句：用于关系词引导句子修饰名词A 构成：定语从句的形式I know the girl.The girl comes from Beijing.I know the girl who comes from Beijing.定语从句三步骤 先找出两个句子中相同的名词 判断名词是人还是物，人 who/that 物 which/that 将 who/that/which 引导的

34、句子放于相同的名词后面I like reading books.The books were written by O. Henry.I like reading books which/that were written by O. Henry.不能用 which，只能用 that 前面的先行词是不定代词，包括 all，anything，nothing，the one， much，little 等；eg：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said ? 如果先行词中出现了 the only, the very 等；eg：This i

35、s the only way that we can think out. 如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级；eg：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 如果先行词中即有人，又有物；eg：They are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday.1.谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密关系疏远look + for 寻找 关系紧密look + at 看关系疏远2.定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后

36、面，不能做任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到 which/ who 的前面；This is the book which you are looking for.This is the book at which you are looking.This is the book which you are interested in.This is the book in which you are interested.This is the book which you asked for.3. 关系代词和关系副词Beijing is the place.I was

37、born in the place.-Beijing is the place which I was born in. -Beijing is the place in which I was born .定语从句中，如果介词+which 表示地点，则可以用 where 替换；Beijing is the place where I was born. eg:I cant forget the day.I join the army on the day.I cant forget the day which I joined the army.I cant forget the day o

38、n which I joined the army. (when)判断关系代词和关系副词的方法（1）不管是关系代词还是关系副词，都取决于从句中的谓语动词；若该谓语动词为及物动词，则一定使用关系代词；若该谓语动词为不及物动词，且其后没有介词，则一定使用关系副词；eg：I will never forget the days _ I worked together with you. (on which/when) I will never forget the days _ I spent in the countryside. (which)（2）通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分Is this

39、 the museum （that） you visited a few days ago?the museum：充当 visit 的宾语Is this the museum (in which/where) the exhibition was held?关系代词: 前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分；介词+which: 恰好表示时间和地点，可以替换成 when，where 这样的关系副词；B 分类：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句(1) 非限定性定语从句：先行词（即名词）后有一个逗号；In our school，there were 8 foreign teache

40、rs who come from Australia.（限定性定语从句）In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers， who come from Australia.（非限定性定语从句）限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变；非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义；I have a sister who is a nurse.I have a sister, who is a nurse.（2）非限定性定语从句：先行词是前面的整句话

41、；eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year.This is the house, which we bought last month. 非限定性定语从句引导词 which/as： which 引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as 则只能放在句子前面；eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, w

42、hich we know. As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath.eg：Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise . A. It B. that C. as D. whichC 定语从句的划分There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to ex

43、plore.In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded. The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.D 定语从句省略（分词作定语）关系词充当宾语的时候I know the boy who the teacher pr

44、aised just now.The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.关系词充当主语The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder.Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically.Hamilton isnt the only educator crossing the Atlantic.Caree

45、r experts say that one of the ways (that) job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities.职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。That are causing companies to Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic pe

46、rsonnel shortages search beyond their home borders for talent. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, form 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004.名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句；定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位

47、语、介词宾语等成分；1同位语从句：对前面名词的进一步解释I know the man, the president of the New Oriental School.英语中的简单句：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。Eg： He is a student.Are you a student?Who is a student?同位语从句：关系词不再和前面的名词有关系，而是取决于后面的从句；eg： I know the fact. He is a student.I know the fact that he is a student. eg： I have a question.Are you

48、 a student?I have a question whether you are a student. eg： I have a question.who is a student?I have a question who is a student.同位语从句的构成 从句仍然接在名词之后，名词有可能为 answer，belief，concept，explanation，fact， hope, message, news, promise, question, thought 等形式：名词+从句；连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式；如果是陈述句，直接加 that 引导；一般疑问句：先

49、把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上 whether 或者 if；特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；The news soon spread the whole school.They had won the game.The news that they had won the game soon spread the whole school.定语从句及同位语从句的区别That 在后面的从句中充当成分，为宾语从句，不充当成分，为同位语从句。区分：The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good. T

50、he suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is the reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.2宾语从句从句部分的连词取决于从句

51、时一般疑问句、特殊疑问句还是陈述句；eg：We must find out who did all these.I want to know weather he will come. I hope that he will come.宾语从句的时态：如果宾语从句前的动词是过去式，则宾语从句的时态应相应变成过去时态；例如 My teacher told that we would go there.如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理，不管宾语从句前的动词时什么时态，宾语从句都用一般现在时；例如 My teacher told that the earth is round.宾语从句后接陈述句用 th

52、at 引导，that 一般可以省略,例如 I think (that) you are right.宾语从句如果谓语动词是 doubt，后面接的一般疑问句通常用 whether 或 if 引导；如果前面的谓语动词是 dont doubt，则后面从句的连接词一定是 that；宾语从句如果谓语动词是 wonder，句型为 I wonder if，后面的连接词不能用 whether；宾语从句的否定转移：think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine 等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式；3表语从句若从句为陈述句，

53、直接加 that；若从句为特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；若从句为一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上 whether 或者 if； China is no longer what she used to be.The question is who is responsible for what has happened.（2002 text3） One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that it hasnt occurred against the b

54、ackground of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. （2000）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams.4主语从句That the college will take in more students is true.Weather he will come or not hasnt been decided.Why he isnt here is not clear to everyone.it 做形

55、式主语的情况（1）It is+名词+主语从句；eg：It is a pity that you should have to leave.（2）It is+形容词+主语从句；eg：It is clear that the whole project is due to failure.如果是 It is necessary /important /strange /natural+that 引导的主语从句，从句中的谓语动词一定要用 should+动词原形；eg：It is necessary that one should master the skills of operating comp

56、uter.It is+过去分词+主语从句；It is said /planed/expectedeg：It is said that President Bush will visit our school next week.(4) It +不及物动词+形容词表语形式+主语从句eg：It seemed certain that he will win the prize.从句判别Whether she will come or not is unknown. It is unknown whether he will come or not. I dont know whether he w

57、ill come or not.The question is whether he will come or not.The question whether he will come or not is not settled._(很多人没有意识到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports , and football in particular . （What many people dont realize）In my sixties, one change I notice is _ (我比以前更容易累了). (that I feel tired mor

58、e easily than before)Your resume should attract a would-be bosss attention by demonstrating _ (为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选).(why you would be the best candidate for a certain position)Since my childhood I have found that _ (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力). (nothing is more attractive/appealing to me than reading)A great many

59、people hold the idea _. (中文学起来其实很有趣) (that Chinese is actually interesting to learn)（三） 非谓语动词作主语作表语作宾语（1）to do(2) + doingacknowledge，admit, advocate, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, delay, escape, deny, consider, mind, miss, finish, resist, imagine, postpone, practice, suggest, prevent, keep, quit(3)有些动词后

60、使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1) forget2）stop3）remember4)regret5）try6) mean(4) + do1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带 to。 feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear 听到 watch 注视 listen to 听 perceive 察觉，感知 notice 注意 see 看见 hear 听On seeing the young child fell into the lake, Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue. 2)另一类是某些使役动词，如 mak