IEC标准化战略主管

1、Jack SheldonIEC Standardization Strategy ManagerIEC标准化战略主管Benefits of participation in IEC standardization work参加IEC标准化工作的益处06/09/20222Standards a little history标准历史4 ft 8 in 1435,1 mm06/09/20223The distance between the rear end of Roman horses罗马马匹尾部的距离06/09/20224The axle length of Roman war chariot

2、s罗马战车车轴的长度06/09/20225Pompei and Vesuvius意大利古都庞培及维苏威火山06/09/20226The ruts along Roman roads罗马道路的车辙06/09/20227Standard axle size of 19th century wagons19世纪马车的标准车轴尺寸06/09/20228First tramways第一条铁路轨道06/09/20229Modern railways现代铁路轨道06/09/202210NASA Space Shuttle美国航天局的太空飞船06/09/202211Weights and measures度量

3、衡06/09/202212and then 06/09/20221306/09/20221406/09/202215The winner of the contest竞赛的赢家06/09/202216Electrical plugs and sockets电插头和插座Early 1930s IFK30年代早期的国际事务委员会IEC/TC 23 (Electrical fittings) set up 19341934年成立的电子配件IEC/TC 23Nowhere in 1939 2nd world war1939年第二次世界大战期间毫无进展Restarted in 1947 1947年从新开

4、始工作IEC 83 published 1957, catalogue of plugs and sockets used in Europe, UK & USA1957年IEC 83被发布：欧洲、美国、英国使用的电插头和插座目录SC 23C (Worldwide plug and socket outlet systems) set up in 1970 1970年建立SC23 世界插头插座端口系统分技术委员会06/09/202217IEC 60906Two solutions 两种解决方案IEC 60906-1 for 250 V world (1986)250伏使用的IEC 60906-

5、1标准（1986）IEC 60906-2 for 125 V world (1992)125伏使用的IEC 60906-2标准（1992）06/09/202218IEC 60906-1 cover page IEC 60906-1 标准封面06/09/202219World-wide plug and socket世界范围的插头和插座06/09/202220Why?60 years to get nowhere 60年没有任何进展Political interests 政治利益Commercial interests 商业利益Protectionism 保护主义Failure to take

6、long-term view 未从长远看问题Experts “pretended” technical issues 专家们表面上说是技术问题Implications of globalization and device portability 涉及全球化和装置的可携带性06/09/202221Why standards?Growth of trade in manufactured goods 生产商品贸易的增长Exchange of goods 商品交换European free trade area 欧洲自由贸易区Industrialization 工业化Metrology 计量学We

7、ights and measures 度量衡06/09/202222Types of standards标准类型Company standards 公司标准City standards 城市标准National standards 国家标准Regional standards 地区标准International standards 国际标准06/09/202223IEC 100 years ago成立于100年以前Founded in 1906 to promote international co-operation on all questions of standardization a

8、nd related matters in the field of electrotechnology 成立于1906年，旨在促进电子技术标准化和相关事务的国际合作。06/09/202224Mission statementIEC使命陈述IECs mission is to be globally recognized as the provider of standards and conformity assessment-related services needed to facilitate trade in the fields of electricity, electroni

9、cs and associated technologies IEC期望在全球范围内成为公认的电气、电子及相关技术领域贸易所需标准和合格评定相关服务的提供者。06/09/202225IEC missionEncourage national adoption of international standards 鼓励各国采用国际标准Stimulate world trade and business by ensuring technical and market relevance of its products 通过确保产品的技术与市场匹配以促进世界贸易Make results appli

10、cable and available for voluntary adoption world wide 确保标准成果世界范围内可以应用并可获得Set the framework for Conformity Assessment in global markets制定全球市场合格评定的框架06/09/202226Types of participation参与方式IEC is a voluntary association of National Committees that fully represent electrotechnical interests in their coun

11、tries IEC是一个国家委员会组成的自愿性协会，这些委员会代表各自国家电子技术的利益Government, industry, testing laboratories, academia, consumer groups 政府、产业、测试实验室、学术机构、消费团体Membership one member per country 成员资格-一个国家一个名额Members (54) 54个成员Associate members (17) 17个准成员Affiliate Country programme 接纳国家计划82 participants (as of 2008-08)82个参与国

12、（截止2008年8月）06/09/202227AM = Associate memberIEC Membership 72 members06/09/202228IEC in figuresMembers 72 National Committees 成员国 72个国家委员会Affiliate Country Programme82 Participants 接纳国家计划 82个参与国Technical committees / Subcommittees 171技术委员会/分技术委员会Working groups 413工作组 Project teams 259项目团队 Maintenanc

13、e teams 426维护团队 Total active projects as of 2007-12-31 1378 正在进行的项目数 （2007年12月31日）Development time for IEC publications 36 months IEC 出版物的开发时间 Publications (as of 2007-12-31) 5 794出版物数量 (截止2007年12月31日） Publications issued in 2007 5242007年出版物数量Conformity Assessment Systems合格评定系统IECEE IEC电气设备检测和认证体系 I

14、ECQIEC电子元器件质量评定委员 IECEx IEC防爆电气产品认证体系 06/09/202229IEC Central OfficeIEC中央办公室Headquarters in Geneva 总部在日内瓦Approximately 85 multinational staff大约85个跨国工作人员Regional offices地区办公室Worcester, MA (near Boston), USA, 4 people伍斯特，美国，4人Singapore, 2,5 people新加坡，2.5人Sao Paulo, 1 person 圣保罗，1人06/09/202230Are trade

15、 barriers necessary?贸易壁垒必要吗？Sometimes they areTBTA: avoiding unnecessary有时它们是技术性贸易壁垒协议：避免不必要(障碍)06/09/202231promotion of international standards推进国际标准allowing for regulatory autonomy to protect legitimate interests允许管理自主权以保护合法利益avoidance of unnecessary obstacles to international trade避免不必要的国际贸易障碍06/

16、09/202232TBT(technical barriers to trade)技术性贸易壁垒SPS(sanitary and phytosanitary measures)卫生与植物卫生措施06/09/202233And the basic disciplines?基本原则？06/09/202234non-discrimination非歧视06/09/202235“unnecessary obstacle”不必要的障碍06/09/202236Transparency透明性06/09/202237= Standards and Harmonization标准和协调一致06/09/202238

17、Qualified obligation to use “as a basis for .”使用“作为基础”资格的责任 (exceptions, SDT)（例外，特殊差别待遇）Presumption (rebuttable) + link to necessity假设（可反驳）+ 必要性链接Participate!参加！TBT open / SPS closed技术性贸易壁垒开放/ 卫生与植物卫生措施关闭Sardines= 06/09/202239Annex 3 of the TBT AgreementTBT协议的附件3 (Article 4 refers)第四章有关Annex 4 of th

18、e 2nd Triennial Review (G/TBT/9)第二个三年回顾的附件4(Decision by the Committee)委员会决议= 06/09/202240Article 2.4 of the TBT AgreementTBT 协议第2.4条“Where technical regulations are required and relevant international standards exist or their completion is imminent, Members shall use them, or the relevant parts of t

19、hem, as a basis for their technical regulations ”“在需要技术法规和相关国际标准存在或者这些法规和标准即将完成的领域，成员方应该使用这些法规、标准或其相关部分作为其技术法规基础” = 06/09/202241“ except when such international standards or relevant parts would be an ineffective or inappropriate means for the fulfilment of the legitimate objectives pursued, for ins

20、tance because of fundamental climatic or geographical factors or fundamental technological problem.”“与实现本国合法目标不相适应的国际标准或相关内容除外，譬如：由于当地的气候、地理因素或基本的技术问题（引发的问题）”Article 2.4 of the TBT AgreementTBT协议的第2.4条= 06/09/202242“ Whenever a technical regulation is prepared, adopted or applied for one of the legi

21、timate objectives explicitly mentioned in paragraph 2, and is in accordance with relevant international standards, it shall be rebuttably presumed not to create an unnecessary obstacle to international trade.”“当准备、采纳或应用第二段明确提到的技术法规或相关国际标准时，都不应被怀疑为对国际贸易创造了一些不必要的障碍”Article 2.5 of the TBT AgreementTBT协

22、议第2.5条第二句(second sentence)= 06/09/202243“Members shall, in the preparation and application of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures, take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country Members, with a view to ensuring that such tec

23、hnical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing country Members.”“成员国，在技术法规、标准和合格评定程序的准备和申请中，应考虑发展中国家成员特殊的发展、财务和贸易需要，旨在确保这些技术法规、标准和合格评定程序不会对发展中国家出口带来不必要障碍”Article 12.3 of the TBT Agreement(Special and Differential Trea

24、tment)= 06/09/202244“Members recognize that, although international standards, guides or recommendations may exist, in their particular technological and socio-economic conditions, developing country Members adopt certain technical regulations, standards or conformity assessment procedures aimed at

25、preserving indigenous technology and production methods and processes compatible with their development needs. Members therefore recognize that developing country Members should not be expected to use international standards as a basis for their technical regulations or standards, including test met

26、hods, which are not appropriate to their development, financial and trade needs.”“成员国认识到，尽管国际标准、指南或建议可能存在于它们特定的技术和社会经济环境，发展中国家采用某些技术法规、标准或合格评定程序旨在维护本国的与其发展需求相一致的技术、生产方法和流程。所以，成员们认识到：我们不应该期望发展中国家成员使用国际标准作为本国的技术法规或标准，包括测试方法，因为这些法规或标准不适合它们的发展、财务和贸易需要。”Article 12.4 of the TBT AgreementTBT协议第12.4条特殊差别待遇(

27、Special and Differential Treatment)= 06/09/202245use !使用！(2.4)explain / presumption解释/假定(2.5)Participation参加(2.6)= Three issues三个问题06/09/202246Technical Regulations技术法规Standards标准Conformity Assessment Procedures合格评定程序06/09/202247WTO and International Standards (1)WTO/TECHNICAL BARRIER TO TRADE AGREE

28、MENT WTO/TBT协议Annex 3: CODE OF GOOD PRACTICE FOR THE PREPARATION, ADOPTION AND APPLICATION OF STANDARDS 附件3：标准准备、采纳和应用良好行为准则06/09/202248WTO and International Standards (2)WTOs Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade states: WTO关于技术性贸易壁垒的协议：“Members shall use international standards as a basis for t

29、heir technical regulations” “成员国应使用国际标准作为本国技术法规的基础”“Members shall play a full part.in the preparation.of international standards” “在国际标准的准备中成员国应充分发挥作用”06/09/202249International Standards国际标准Eliminate misinterpretation or misunderstanding across differing languages 消除不同语言的误解Help a buyer get what is e

30、xpected from supplier from another country 帮助买方从另一国供应商获取所需Enhance understanding & agreement about technical parameters加强对技术参数的理解和支持Lead to trust basis of business relationship 建立信任商务活动的基础06/09/202250Participation Benefits参加-收益Influence the development and content of IEC standards 影响IEC标准的制定和内容Early

31、warning of developing markets, establish customer contacts对进入市场的早期预警并建立顾客关系Improve product safety and quality改进产品安全和质量Rationalization and cost reduction in design and manufacturing设计和生产的合理化，降低成本06/09/202251Participation Benefits参加-收益Acceptance of products on world markets产品得到世界市场认可Meet future safety

32、 and environmental demands 满足未来安全和环境要求Access to the latest technology了解最新技术Adds up to最终Reduced transaction costs减少交易成本Increased trade促进贸易06/09/202252Economic benefits经济利益Positive effect on innovation dissemination of knowledge through standards is key factor for economic growth对创新的正面影响-通过标准进行知识传播是经济

33、增长的关键因素International Standards have positive effect on growth, particularly on exports国际标准对增长，尤其是出口增长，有积极影响IS promote intra-industry trade and lead to international competitiveness信息系统促进产业内贸易并产生国际竞争力Encourage technology transfer鼓励技术转移Economic benefits of standardization 1% of GNP标准化的经济利益国民生产总值的1%06/

34、09/202253Benefits to governments对政府的利益WTO TBT makes standardization and CA an important part of global tradeWTO-TBT使得标准化和认证中心成为全球贸易重要组成部分Signatory governments, more than 140, are required to participate in and promote international standardization超过140个签约国被要求参加和促进全球标准化Particularly important in regul

35、ated areas: safety, health, environment在安全、健康、环境管理领域尤其重要Procurement采购Legislation司法Technology innovation技术创新Export-led growth of national economy国家经济的出口导向增长06/09/202254Benefits to governments对政府的利益International standards are best source for governments国际标准是政府的最好资源legislation/regulation法律/法规issuing te

36、nders发放招标Recognized source for WTO compliance履行WTO义务的认可Contributing towards fulfilment of the World Trade Organizations Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trades有助于履行WTO关于技术性贸易措施的协议Standards provide detailed technical interpretation of the law标准对法律提供了详细的技术诠释06/09/202255Benefits to Multinationals对跨国公

37、司的益处Build acceptance in global markets在全球市场建立认可Influence the content of standards影响标准的内容Develop anticipatory intelligence开发期望的情报信息Use customer networks使用顾客网络Save time and money节省时间和经费Improve safety and quality提高安全和质量06/09/202256IEC programmesIEC计划Efficiently meet requirements of global market有效满足全球市

38、场要求Ensure primacy and world-wide use of standards and conformity assessment schemes 确保标准与合格评定方案的主导和全球使用Assess and improve quality of products and services covered by standards评估、改进标准覆盖产品的质量和服务Permit interoperability of complex systems复杂系统的互通性成为现实Increase efficiency of industrial processes增加工业过程的效率Contribute to improvement of human health and safety有助于人类健康和安全的提高Contribute to protection of the environment有助于保护环境06/09/202257Get involved参与的Electrotechnology = large share of global trad