语言学名词解释和简答题的出题范围 (修复的)

1、Directions:Pleasedefinethefollowingterms.minimalpairtestwordsthatdifferinonlyonesoundTheydifferinmeaning,theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment,thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentExample:beat,bitTheyformaminimalpairSo/ea/and/i/aredifferentsoundsinEnglishTheyaredifferentphonemestheSapir-WhorfHypothe

2、sislinguisticdeterminism（语言决定论）-Languagedeterminesthought.andlinguisticrelativity（语言相对论）-Thereisnolimittothestructuraldiversityoflanguages.BehaviorismBehaviorisminlinguisticsholdstheviewthatChildrenlearnlanguagethroughachainofstimulus-response-reinforcement（刺激反应强化），andadultsuseoflanguageisalsoaproce

3、ssofstimulus-response.discoveryproceduresAgrammarisdiscoveredthroughtheperformingofcertainoperationsonacorpusofdata5.UniversalGrammarUGconsistsofasetofinnategrammaticalprinciples.Eachprincipleisassociatedwithanumberofparameters.SystemicGrammarItaimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnet

4、work,ormeaningpotential.IdeationalMetafunctionTheIdeationalFunction（ExperientialandLogical）istoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Itisameaningpotential.Itmainlyconsistsof“transitivity”and“voice”.Thisfunctionnotonlyspecifiestheavailableoptionsinmeaningbutalsodetermines

5、thenatureoftheirstructuralrealisations.Forexample,“Johnbuiltanewhouse”canbeanalysedasaconfigurationofthefunctions（功能配置）:Actor:JohnProcess:Material:Creation:builtGoal:Affected:anewhouseInterpersonalMetafunctionTheINTERPERSONALFUNCTIONembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.Thisin

6、cludesthevariouswaysthespeakerentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact.basicspeechrolesThemostfundamentaltypesofspeechrolearejusttwo:（i）giving,and（ii）demanding.(a)goods-&-services(b)infbrmatiougivingquestionwhaiishegivingher?Cuttingacrossthisbasicdistinctionbetweengivinganddemandingisanotherdisti

7、nctionthatrelatestothenatureofthecommoditybeingexchanged.Thismaybeeither(a)goods-&-servicesor(b)information.飞taltmenrhegivinghertlieteapot.1Ter(a)goods-&-services(b)infbrmatiougivingquestionwhaiishegivingher?Cuttingacrossthisbasicdistinctionbetweengivinganddemandingisanotherdistinctionthatrelatestot

8、henatureofthecommoditybeingexchanged.Thismaybeeither(a)goods-&-servicesor(b)information.飞taltmenrhegivinghertlieteapot.1TerwouldyoulikeThisteapot?/.、j.coiuiuaud(ii)demanding,，jgivemethatTeapot!Commodityexh;inge(lRoleiuexchange10.finiteverbaloperatorsFinitenessisthusexpressedbymeansofaverbaloperatorw

9、hichiseithertemporalormodal.Temporaloperators:futurepositivedid,was.had,usedtodoes.is.liaswill,shall,wouldshouldrdidnt,wasnt,liadntnegavedidntusedtoIfuturepositivedid,was.had,usedtodoes.is.liaswill,shall,wouldshouldrdidnt,wasnt,liadntnegavedidntusedtoIdoesntisnt,hasntIwont,shall?t.wouldnt：shouldntMo

10、daloperators:lowmedianwill,would,will,would,should.is/wastomu&Loughttofneed,has/hadtopositivecan:may,could,might(darenegativeneedndoesnt/didnH-wont,wouldnt,mustnt,ouglitiittoscant,needto.havetoshouldnt.couldn1t.(maynt：mightnt.(isnt/wasntto)ha号nt/hadntto)TextualMetafunctionThetextualmetafunctionenabl

11、estherealizationoftherelationbetweenlanguageandcontext,makingthelanguageuserproduceatextwhichmatchesthesituation.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintocoherentandunifiedtextsandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.Itisrealizedbythema

12、ticstructure,informationstructureandcohesion.themeandrhemeTheThemeistheelementwhichservesasthepointofdepartureofthemessage.Theremainderofthemessage,thepartinwhichtheThemeisdeveloped,iscalledtheRheme.Asamessagestructure,aclauseconsistsofaThemeaccompaniedbyaRheme.TheThemeisthefirstconstituentoftheclau

13、se.AlltherestoftheclauseissimplylabelledtheRhemeexperientialismExperientialismassumesthattheexternalrealityisconstrainedbyouruniquelyhumanexperience.Thepartsofthisexternalrealitytowhichwehaveaccessarelargelyconstrainedbytheecologicalnichewehaveadaptedtoandthenatureofourembodiment.Inotherwords,langua

14、gedoesnotdirectlyreflecttheworld.Rather,itreflectsouruniquehumanconstrualoftheworld:ourworldviewasitappearstousthroughthelensofourembodiment.ThisviewofrealityhasbeentermedexperientialismorexperientialrealismbycognitivelinguistsGeorgeLakoaandMarkJohnson.Experientialrealismacknowledgesthatthereisanext

15、ernalrealitythatisreflectedbyconceptsandbylanguage.However,thisrealityismediatedbyouruniquelyhumanexperiencewhichconstrainsthenatureofthisrealityforus.imageschemataAnimageschemaisarecurringstructurewithinourcognitiveprocesseswhichestablishespatternsofunderstandingandreasoning.Imageschemasareformedfr

16、omourbodilyinteractions,fromlinguisticexperience,totypetheoryPrototypetheoryisamodeofgradedcategorizationincognitivescience,wheresomemembersofacategoryaremorecentralthanothers.Forexample,whenaskedtogiveanexampleoftheconceptfurniture,chairismorefrequentlycitedthan,say,stoo

17、l.Prototypetheoryhasalsobeenappliedinlinguistics,aspartofthemappingfromphonologicalstructuretosemantics.Directions:Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions.WhyisSaussurecalled“oneofthefoundersofstructurallinguisticsand“fatherofmodernlinguisticsHehelpedtosetthestudyofhumanbehavioronanewfooting(basis).Hehelp

18、edtopromotesemiology.HeclarifiedtheformalstrategiesofModernistthoughts.Heattachedimportancetothestudyoftheintimaterelationbetweenlanguageandhumanmind.WhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenaussureslangueandparoleandhomskyscompetenceandperformanceThesimilarities()languageandcompetencemainlyconcer

19、nstheusersunderlyingknowledge;paroleandperformanceconcernstheactualphenomena(2)languageandcompetenceareabstract;paroleandperformanceareconcrete.ThedifferencesaccordingtoSaussure,languageisameresystematicinventoryofitems;accordingtoChomsky,competenceshouldrefertotheunderlyingcompetenceasasystemofgene

20、rativeprocesses(2)AccordingtoSaussure,languagemainlybaseonsociology,inseparatinglanguagefromparole,weseparatesocialfromindividual;accordingtoChomsky,competencewasrestrictedtoaknowledgeofgrammar.Whatistheconflictbetweendescriptiveadequacyandexplanatoryadequacy?AndwhatisChomskyssolutiontothisconflict?

21、atheoryofgrammar:descriptivelyadequateshouldadequatelydescribethegrammaticaldadaofalanguage.shouldnotjustfocusonafragmentofalanguage.atheoryofgrammar:explanatorilyadequateshouldexplainthegeneralformoflanguage.shouldchooseamongalternativedescriptively-adequategrammars.shouldessentiallybeabouthowachil

22、dacquiresagrammar.Atheoryofgrammarshouldbebothdescriptivelyandexplanatorilyadequate.Butthereisaconflict:ToachieveDA,thegrammarmustbeverydetailed.ToachieveEA,thegrammarmustbeverysimple.(thinkwhy?)becausethechildcanlearnalanguageveryeasilyonverylittlelanguageexposure.Chomskyssolution:constructasimpleU

23、GletindividualgrammarsbederivablefromUGWhatareChomskyscontributionstothelinguisticrevolution?Chomskyscontributiontothelinguisticrevolutionisthatheshowedtheworldatotallynewwayoflookingatlanguageandathumannature,particularlythehumanmind.Chomskychallengedbehaviorismandempiricismbecausehebelievesthatlan

24、guageisinnate.Rationalism(vs.empiricisminphilosophy)Empiricistevidenceisoftenunreliable.Innateness(vs.behaviorisminpsychology)Childrencanacquireacomplicatedlanguageonthebasisofverylimitedexposuretospeech.ThisindicatesthatUGisinnatefaculty.HowtocompareandcontrastGenerativeLinguisticsandSystemic-Funct

25、ionalLinguisticsfromperspectivesofepistemology,theoreticalbasis,researchtasksandmethodology?EpistemologyTheoreticalbaseResearchtasksMethodologySFGViewslanguageasapartofsocialsystem&studieslanguagefromanthropologic&sociologicalperspectivealinowskistheoryofanthropologyFirthstheoryofSystem&Structureelm

26、slevstheoryoflanguagelevel&languagesystem.ragueschoolsfunctionsentenceperspectiveTorevealhowpeoplemakechoicesthroughmeaningpotentialinthesystemoflanguagetofulfillvariousfunctionsFocusonwhylanguagepossessessuchstructureFromafunctionalpointofviewLanguagesemioticsystemofthreelevelsTGGLanguageisrelatedt

27、ophysiologic&psychologicalfeaturesRationalism&mentalismTostudylanguagestructureinformFocusonhowlanguageisstructured1.Symbols&formulasinmaths&logic2.Deductivemethodology3.IntrospectionHowmanyprocesstypesarethereinthetransitivitysystem?Pleaseillustrateeachtypebyaproperexample.Six.MaterialProcesses,Men

28、talProcesses,RelationalProcesses,BehaviouralProcesses,VerbalProcesses,ExistentialProcessesThetypicaltypesofouterexperienceareactions,goings-onandevents:actionshappen,peopleactonotherpeopleorthings,ormakethingshappen.ThistypeofprocessiscalledMaterialProcesses.Theinnerexperienceisthatinourconsciousnes

29、sorimagination.Youmayreactonit,thinkaboutit,orperceiveit.ThistypeofprocessiscalledMentalProcesses.Thenthereisathirdtypeofprocess:welearntogeneralize,torelateonefragmentofexperiencetoanother.Itdoesthisbyclassifyingoridentifying.ThiskindofprocessiscalledRelationalProcesses.Thesethreeprocessesarecalled

30、majorprocesses.Relatedtothemarethreeminorprocesses:eachoneliesattheboundarybetweentwoprocessesofthethree.Notsoclearlysetapart,theysharesomefeaturesofeach,andfinallyacquirethecharacteroftheirown.OntheborderlinebetweenmaterialandmentalaretheBehaviouralProcesses:thosethatrepresentoutermanifestationsofi

31、nnerworkings,theactingoutofprocessesofconsciousnessandphysiologicalstates.OntheborderlineofmentalandrelationalisthecategoryofVerbalProcesses:symbolicrelationshipsconstructedinhumanconsciousnessandenactedintheformoflanguage.ThenontheborderlinebetweentherelationalprocessandthematerialprocessareExisten

32、tialProcesses,bywhichphenomenaofallkindsarerecognizedtobeortoexist.WhatisamultipleThemetobecontrastedwithasimpleTheme?WhatisamarkedThemetobecontrastedwithanunmarkedTheme?Pleaseillustratethemwithproperexamples.ConjunctionsinThemeConjunctiveandmodalAdjunctsinThemeTextual,interpersonalandexperientialel

33、ementsinThemeInterrogativesasmultipleThemesunmarkedtheme（无标记主位）:Thesubjectandthemearethesameone.IdeationalMaterialprocessAction/passiveThishousewasbuiltbyJohnSmithGoal:AffectedProcess:Material:ActionActor:AgentAnimateInterpersonalDeclarativeMoodResidueSubjectFinitePredicatorAdjunctTextualUnmarkedThe

34、meThemeRhemeGivenNewmarkedtheme（标记主位）:Thesubjectandthemearenotthesame.IdeationalMentalProcess（Cognitive）Suchataleyouwillneverbelieve.PhenomenonSenserProcess:Mental,CognitiveInterpersonalDeclarativeNegativeResidueMoodResidueComplementSubjectFinitePredicatorTextualMarkedThemeThemeRhemeNewGivenNewWhata

35、rethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenconceptualmetaphorandconceptualmetonymy?Metaphorandmetonymyareviewedasphenomenafundamentaltothestructureoftheconceptualsystemratherthansuperficiallinguisticdevices*Conceptualmetaphor（概念隐喻）mapsstructurefromoneconceptualdomainontoanother,whilemetonomyhighlightsane

36、ntitybyreferringtoanotherentitywithinthesamedomain.隐喻就是把一个领域的概念投射到另一个领域，或者说从一个认知域（来源域）投射到另一个认知域（目标域）。转喻是发生在同一认知域中的映射，如整体和部分等。ThebasicpremiseofConceptualMetaphorTheoryisthatmetaphorisnotsimplyastylisticfeatureoflanguage,butthatthoughtitselfisfundamentallymetaphoricalinnature.Accordingtothisview,conceptualstructureisorganisedaccordingtocrossdomainmappingsorcorrespond