非谓语动词 讲义-英语高考一轮复习语法部分

1、非谓语动词非谓语动词：a.动词不定式b.动名词c.分词（现在分词、过去分词）概述：1 .谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词2.非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式,在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分非谓语动词使用条件：一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词），又没有连词的情况 下，还有别的动词出现时。She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.动词不定式一.动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号（加动词原形构

2、成。不定式的形式有五种:一般式 to do 例如：I like to read English.进行式 to be doing例如： He seemed to be reading something at that time.完成式 to have done 例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room.被动式 to be done 例如：The work is to be done soon.完成被动式 to have been done 例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.二.

3、动词不定式的用法L作主语（1）不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。To see is to believe. Not to get there iv time is your fault.（2）注：常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。句型 1： It + 谓语 + to doIt takes us an hour to get there by bus.句型 2： Its + n. + to doIfs our duty to help the poor.句型3： It is + adi + for sb to do sth （adj.是形容事物的性质的）It

4、is + adj + of sb to do sth （adj.是形容人的品质的）It is easy for me to finish this work before ten.It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.II.作宾语接不定式做宾语 I want to know山is nialler.I dont e

5、xpect to meet you here.（1） 常见动词有：demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, seem, intend, forget, want, prepare, pretend, plan, afford, wish（2）只能接不定式作宾语的动词:happen碰巧，offer主动提出，promise容许，agree同意，refuse拒绝，decide决定， determine 决定、决心，pretend 假装,fail 未能够，learn, wish 希望，h

6、ope, expect, afford 负担得起,would like想要3） it作形式宾语I find/feel it interesting to work with him.Subject+ find/think/feel/make/consider.it + adj/n + to do sth.We thought it better to start early.Do you consider it better not to go?.1 feel it my duty to change all that.We think it important to obey the law

7、.know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.（4）常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词： tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain, know, discover He taught us how to use the tool.No one could tell me where to get the book.I havent decided whether to go or stay.以下词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词:s

8、top to do停下来去做另一件 forget to do忘记要做 remember to do记得要做 regret to do遗憾要做 try to do企图做，尽力做 go on to do继续做（另一件事） stop to do停下来去做另一件 forget to do忘记要做 remember to do记得要做 regret to do遗憾要做 try to do企图做，尽力做 go on to do继续做（另一件事） mean to do打算做stop doing停止做正在做的事 forget doing忘记做过 remember doing 记得做过 regret doing

9、后悔做过 try doing试着做go on doing继续做（同一件事） mean doing 意 味着做I have no choice but to wait, “有 do, 无 to； 无 do 有 to”I cant do anything but go out with her.HL作宾语补足语Til get someone to repair the recorder for you.What caused him to change his mind?advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, encourage, force, get, h

10、ate, invite , order, wish ,want, warn, remind, promise, permit, persuade, request + sb. to do注意:（1）在动词 feel （一感）,hear, listen to （二听）,have, let, make （三使）,notice, see, watch, observe, look at （五看）（即：“吾看三室两厅一感觉”）等后面的补足语中,不定式不 带t。，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen t

11、o fall off the tree.（变被动,to 还原） He is often heard to sing the song.Though he often made his deskmate cry, today he was made to cry by his deskmate.（2） help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him （to） clean the room.I helped him （to） find his things.IV.作定语I have something to tell you.（不定式作定语）1）不定式

12、与它所修饰的词有动宾关系Do you have anything to wash today?2）不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容I have no chance to go there.3）被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语She is always the last to leave the room.4）不定式为不及物动词且和所修饰的名词是动宾关系时，须加介词The house is not big enough for us all _to live in.Would you please pass me the knife to cut the fruit with?have something

13、 important to say. Please find a piece of paper_ to write on.（写上）4. Excuse me, could I use your pen for a moment? I have no pen _to write with_ （写）V.作状语.不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果。I came here to see you.We were very excited to hear the news.He hurried to the school （only） to find nobody there. 表出人意料的结果.不定式的

14、主动形式表示被动意义。I have something important to do.In the accident, the driver was to blame.This question is difficult to answer.The box is not easy to carry.动名词（动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）一.动名词的基本构成No one likes being laughed at.主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneI dont remember hav

15、ing ever been given a chance to do it.二.动名词的功用(1) Smoking does great harm to peoples health.(作主语) My job is looking after children.(作表语)I have finished reading the novel.(作宾语)We have got a swimming pool in our school.(做定语)常见动i司有：admit, advise, suggest, avoid, consider, delay, deny, excuse, finish, i

16、magine, include, keep (on), mind, practice, miss, resist, no use只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit成认,advise建议，risk冒险，appreciate欣赏、感激,envy嫉妒，avoid防止， consider 考虑,delay 延迟,deny 否认,dislike 不喜欢，enjoy 喜欢，escape 逃避,excuse 原谅、宽恕,finish 完成，forgive 原谅，understand 理解,imagine 想象，keep 保持,mind 介意、在乎，miss未到达，practise训练，resist抵抗,s

17、uggest建议、暗示；put off推迟，give up放弃，can、help禁不住，can* stand无法忍受，devote to致力于, look forward to 期望、盼望,stick to 坚持,get/be used to 习惯于，object to 反对, be busy (in)忙于feel like 想要be surprised at 对感到惊讶，be afraid of 害怕， be proud of以为骄傲，succeed in在某方面成功,have difficulty/trouble(in)做某事有困难 e.g. He was busy preparing h

18、is lessons.I look forward to seeing him again.Are you used to living there alone?When my father heard the news, he couldnt help laughing.I dont feel like going to see the film.主动表被动：need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类 似用法。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.This pair of shoe

19、s require mending/to be mended.The question is well worth discussing.动词“like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作*后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。当用在should, would之后时,只跟不定式。例如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.What would you like to eat tonight?动名词的复合结构：动名词前可以加一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语,构成动名 词的

20、复合结构或动名词短语。a.动名词复合结构作主语时一般用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。例如：Nixons visiting China marked a new year between U.S. and China diplomatic relations.尼克松访问中国标志着中美外交关系进入一个新的时代Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.b.在口语和非正式语体中，只要不是作主语,动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语常采用名词通格 或人称代词宾格。例如：The doctor does not mind my/me eating a l

21、ittle meat occasionally.分词（现在分词、过去分词）（一）分词的作用（在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语）现在分词表示：主动,动作正在进行。falling leaves正在下落的树叶过去分词表示：被动,动作已经完成。fallen leaves已经落在地上的树叶.作定语Do you know the boy standing/who is standing at the gate?Have you read the book written/which was written by Lu Xun ?.作表语We are excited at the news.The ne

22、ws he told us is exciting.作宾语补足语I heard him singing a song in the classroom.We found the ground covered with snow.作状语While lying in bed, he listened to some music. =when he was lying in bedSeen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.二when the village is seen from.分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否那么分词前

23、面必须有自己的主语。（一）现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别：现在分词表主动进行,过去分词表被动完成（Seeing/seen） from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory.（Seeing/seen） from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.（Hearing/heard） the bad news, they couldnt help crying.（=When they heard the bad news,.）（Giving/Given） more ti

24、me, we could have done it better. （=If they had been given more time,.）I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.Being so angry, he couldnt go to sleep.（=Because he was so angry,.）They came into the classroom, singing and laughing. （=.and they were singing laughing）（二）分词的时态J ： ： ： j现在分词分一般式和完成式,

25、而过去分词那么没有时态形式的变化。现在分词的一般式 表示动作与谓语动词同时发生,或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.现在分词的完成式,表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,常用作状语。例如：Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（两个动作有一个明显的先后关系）（三）现差分词的被动式被动一般式 being done 被动完成式 having been doneThis is one of the new supermark

26、ets being built in our city.Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.（四）分词的否认形式分词的否认式，由not+分词构成，例如：Not having heard the news, I wrote to him again.Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.（五）分词的独立主格结构一当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构,在句

27、法功能上起状语作用。例如：Weather permitting （= If weather permits）, they will go and visit the science museum.The meeting being over, they all left the room.Given more time, we could do it better.The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey.She stood there, book in hand.Everybody at home, we sat

28、 down to dinner.（六）with前复合结构：with/without + 名词/代词 + 形容词 Dont speak with your mouth full.with + 名词/代词 + 副词 The square looks more beautiful than ever with the lights on.with 4-名词/代词 + 介词短语 He was asleep with his head on his arms.with + 名词/代词 + -ing 分词 She felt very nervous with so many people looking

29、at her.with + 名词/代词 + 不定式 With 5 minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived here.with + 名词/代词 + -ed 分词 With his matter settled, we left the room.独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。假设不一致，非谓语动词形式须 另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。“独立主格结构”由两局部组成，前一局部是名词或者代词，后一局部是韭谓运动逆(动 名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名

30、词或介词短语。独立主格结构本 身不是句子，在句子中作状语,表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。表示时间、条 件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况 或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。功能:一.表示时间：The meeting being over, all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。.表示条件：The condition being favourable, he may succeed.假设条件有

31、利，他或许能成功。.表示原因：There being no taxis, we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。.表示伴随情况：Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.几乎所有 的金属都是良导体,而银那么是最好的导体。(二., and silver is the best of all.).用作时间状语：The work done (= After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后, 我们就回家了。.用作条件状语：Weather

32、 permitting (= If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。.用作原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (二 As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演 冢7康授不得不熬夜到很晚。.用作伴随状语：He was

33、 lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (二 and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。.用作补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我们加倍努力，一个 人干两个人的活。形式：(1)名词/主格代词+现在分词(表示主动和正在进行)名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。如：The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say.