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1、Topic 5 The role of Australia and the US in the APBR- the relationship and foreign policyOverview In 1770, English navigator Captain Cook discovered the east coast of Australia, named New South Wales, and announced that this land belongs to the UK. On Jan 26, 1788 a six-ship fleet arrived in Botany

2、Bay. They officially announced to establish the first British colonial district in Australia, and this place later grew to Australias largest city Sydney. Now, January 26 is the National Day of Australia. In 1850s, many of the important gold mines were discovered, which makes the rapid development i

3、n Australia. Lots of prospectors who from Europe, US and China surged to Australia. The population reached 1 million. On Jan. 1, 1901, the six colonial districts united to form the Commonwealth of Australia.OverviewOverviewEfficient farming & Highly urbanisedAmple mineral and nature resourcesRelativ

4、ely small population & diversified cultureI The political systemAustralia is known as a constitutional monarchy. There are three branches of government:The legislature: the Commonwealth Parliament, comprising the Queen, Governor, the Senate(Upper house), and the House of Representatives (lower house

5、); the Queen plays no role in political system and merely a figurehead. The Lower house initiates most laws and the senate is the “house of review”The executive: the Federal Executive Council. The political party has most seats in lower house forms the government. The main parties are: Labour party,

6、 Liberal party, National partyThe judiciary: the High Court of Australia . Appeals from Australian courts to the UK ceased when the Australia Act of 1986 was passed.I The political systemOn 7 September 2013,Tony Abbott led the Liberal/National coalition to victory over the incumbent Labor government

7、 of Kevin Rudd. On 24 June 2010, Julia Gillard replaced Kevin Rudd as Australian Labor Party leader and Prime Minister. The replacement was unusual in Australian political history Gillard became the countrys first female prime minister. Rudd was Australias shortest-term prime minister, who did not c

8、omplete a first term. I The political systemPolitical viewsAbbott ordered the ending of the carbon tax and the Resource Super Profits Tax (RSPT), a tax rate of 30% on the exploitation of non-renewable resources at the day of his sworn.Abbott has said that he will first visit Indonesia, China, Japan,

9、 South Korea and other Asian countries. He also promise to complete Australia-China FTA within a year. Abbott openly confirmed Australia is a strong ally of the US and Japan. After China announced air defense zone, Australia strongly against it which casts a shadow over Australia-China meeting. The

10、backbone Industry of AustraliaEconomic OverviewAustralia is a newly-developed industrial countries. In 2011, GDP ranks 13th and GDP per capita ranks 6th in the world reached 65,477 U.S. dollars. It is ranking first in the countries with the population above 20 million, far higher than the US, Britai

11、n and other major English-speaking countries.Australia is rich in natural resources, which is known as riding on the sheeps back country, sitting on the tramcar country and “handholding wheat country”. It is the worlds largest exporter of wool and beef and is also the worlds major mineral resources

12、producer and exporter. The backbone Industry of AustraliaPrimary industry (strengths)Australia exports around 65% of its agriculture products, 75% of its fish products and 60% of its forest products.Australias fishing area is 16% more than the land area, which is the worlds third largest fishing zon

13、e.There are lots of world class farm brands in Australia. E.g. Dairy Farmers, Ardmona, UGG The backbone Industry of AustraliaAgriculture The backbone Industry of AustraliaPrimary industry ( threats)Unfortunately, agriculture is one of highest protected in the world .Besides, the price of commodities

14、, such as wool, has been dropping dramatically. Britain was the main importer of Australian agricultural products. But after Britain joined the EU, it forced to abandon Australian food suppliers in favour of EU producersAlthough climate temperature is pleasant, Australia is very draft with large des

15、erts in the middle and west . The expansion of Agriculture can be quite damaging to the fragile environment The backbone Industry of AustraliaSecondary industry Secondary industry is dominant by manufacturing, construction and mining. In 2009/2010, the manufacturing output accounts for 8.7% of GDP.

16、Construction and mining output accounts for 7.2% and 9.5% of GDP. The manufacturing was hampered by lack of economic of scale, high costs and lack of entrepreneurial and international management skills The backbone Industry of AustraliaRecent News:Business counts cost of carbon clarity November 09,

17、2011 Clean Energy Act has passed in Nov. 2011. The top 500 high-carbon emission companies need to pay A$ 23/ ton of greenhouse gas emissions from 2012. This amount will gradually rise in the following years.The carbon tax legislation will add billions of dollars on the cost of doing business in Aust

18、ralia, especially hurt the benefits of mining, petroleum, electricity generation, manufacturing, construction, transport. The backbone Industry of AustraliaMiningGold was one of the first metals mined in Australia which has e the worlds major gold producing countries.Australia is very rich in minera

19、l resources, oil and gas, with more than 70 kinds of mineral resources. Aluminum reserves accounts for 35% of the worlds total reserves. Iron ore, coal, lithium, nickel, silver, uranium, zinc are all at the highest level in the worldAustralian mines ventures have also had an international impact. Th

20、e revenues from it was used to find oil in Middle-east countries. E g. BHP必和必拓 Rio Tinto力拓 The backbone Industry of AustraliaMiningJapan consume large amount of Australia minerals such as iron ore and coal. The Japanese always form a negotiating union to cripple Australia benefits from its minerals.

21、As to China, annual iron ore price talks are held between Chinas steel companies and the big three iron ore suppliers Vale, BHP and Rio Tinto, who increased 2010 ore prices by 90% from the previous year. The backbone Industry of AustraliaTertiary industry This sector includes education, tourism, ban

22、king, transportion, communication and legal services Banking was highly regulated with government through the central banks restricting competition and new entrants One of every ten students was an overseas student. Many Asian students study at University on scholarships. The backbone Industry of Au

23、straliaTertiary industry Seven Aussie unis rates in world top 200 The Times Higher Education World University Rankings2012-2013The University of Melbourne is in 37th place. The Australian National University (ANU) in 38th place, The University of Sydney (58), University of Queensland (74), Monash Un

24、iversity (117), University of NSW (173), and the University of Western Australia (189). The backbone Industry of Australia The backbone Industry of Australia The backbone Industry of Australia The backbone Industry of AustraliaAttractive environment for tourism IV Facts about trade7 of Australias to

25、p 10 export markets are in Asia- Australias largest trading partners are China, Japan, the United States, United Kingdom and Singapore ( )Australia is the biggest exporter of iron ore, alumina(矾土)，coal and liquefied natural gas to China. China is Australias biggest trade partner and biggest export m

26、arket as well as its biggest source of imports. IV Facts about tradeIV Facts about tradeAustralia aims to lift Asia trade to one third of GDP by 2025IV Facts about tradeIV Facts about tradeTrade between China and Australia jumped to $60.08 billion in 2009 from more than $10 billion in 2002, with an

27、average annual increase of 28%. Despite the global crisis, Australias exports to China soared 31% in 2009. Mutual investment also e an emerging area.The two countries started talk on a free trade agreement in 2005 after Australia recognized Chinas full market economy status.V International relations

28、hipThe impact of the race and immigration debateWhite Australia policyAustralias reputation in APBR are close associated with its race and immigration policies. A survey shows that Asian business people affected by negative race policy are highAnti-Asian feeling that was a big issue for Australias s

29、tanding in the Asian region. The choice faced to Australia are between historical origin or geographic connection.Session 1, 2005Asia Pacific BusinessV International relationshipV International relationshipThe Asia-Pacific is the region of highest priority for the government Maintaining a traditiona

30、l alliance with US, strengthening integration with East Asia- including China, and intensifying multilateral diplomatic activities to enhance Australias international influence.Future directions:Session 1, 2005Asia Pacific BusinessV International relationshipVI The importance of APBR to the USThe No

31、rth American partners account for 26 % of US trade, and Europe countries accounts for 24 %.But the APBR accounts for about 35 % of US trade. However, in these years, China gradually takeover the largest export destination for ASEAN countries.US should safeguard its international trade system and mai

32、ntain the trend of trade liberalisation in Asian market to facilitate further accessing to this area.VI The importance of APBR to the USEconomy of the United States by sectorMost of the U.S. economy is composed of services, which is about 80% of GDP. Over 70% of Americans worked in in services, betw

33、een 15% and 25% in industry, and less than 3% in agriculture.Although agriculture comprises less than 2% of GDP, U.S. is a net exporter of food. The U.S. produces 18% of the worlds manufacturing output, but the number has declined as other nations developed competitive manufacturing industries. Main

34、 industries include petroleum, steel, automobiles, aerospace, munications, chemicals, electronics.VI The importance of APBR to the USFirst: Financial exploitationU.S. hoodwinked other countries to buy financial products of the United StatesThe U.S. federal Gov. has $ 16 trillion federal debts totall

35、y. China holds more than $ 1.15 trillion that makes China the largest lender to U.S. Every dollar of U.S debt includes 21 cents from China. But at least $ 500 billion of them are subordinated debts. E.g. In July 14, 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac may declare bankruptcy, no one willing to buy China

36、s $376 billion bond at that day. VI The importance of APBR to the USSecond: Brands and PatentsIn old days, US used industrial products exchange raw materials with less developed nations; In neo-imperialism, how to maintain this price gap? The answer is the brand The virtualized operating is characte

37、ristics of the brand strategy, Nike from the 1970s does not produce any shoes. In 2010, Ford, GM got 200 billion profit in Chinese market, accounting for 60% of total Chinese automotive industry profitsVI The importance of APBR to the USThird: Entertainment Entertainment products almost have zero ma

38、rginal cost, and can be unlimited reproduction.The U.S. entertainment industry is relying on spiritual beliefs to make money, because the United States created a global worship of Hollywood culture.American films success comes from the progress of science and technology, from silent to sound, from b

39、lack and white to color, and then to 3D, 4DVI The importance of APBR to the USAfter the end of Cold War, different national foreign strategies are adopted by US:To gain economic interests in APBR, US actively joined APEC and take advantage of the rapid growth the APBRTo guard national safety and pol

40、itical position, US still retain strong alliances with Japan, Singapore and Australia.To occupy Asian markets, US often dispute with China that have adversely affected their relationshipVI The importance of APBR to the USFrom one side, US takes APEC as the main vehicle for developing its interests i

41、n the APBR ;From the other side, some Asian countries regard the US and Australia as a means of offsetting the economic power of Japan and ChinaAt the core, the US Asian strategy aim to establish leadership in Asia. They view China as a potential challenger to current international systems in Asia P

42、acific.VI The importance of APBR to the USSino-US relationship: An Uneasy AllianceChina is defined as a strategic competitor, but not as an enemy. So the United States has retained contact with China, but contained China to take on more responsibilities in the region. U.S hope that China can cooperate with the United States on economic issues.Meanwhile, the United States will strengthen its