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1、ReadtheReadtheshortpassageandanswerthequestionsFrom thest oftimes,moneyhasbeencentraltoourcommunities andanizedoflife.Overthecenturies,variousmonetarysystemshavedirectedourlives.Today,swidel,psychologicalandpoliticalinfluence.sdevelopedsincethebeginnings From thest oftimes,moneyhasbeencentraltoourco

2、mmunities andanizedoflife.Overthecenturies,variousmonetarysystemshavedirectedourlives.Today,swidel,psychologicalandpoliticalinfluence.sdevelopedsincethebeginnings ourFrom thebeginningofind,thesystemofbarter, orexchange,has beenusedtoalitemsofvaluesuchascropsoranimalswereexchanged oods orwanted. This

3、kindofexchangestillexistsThereis aproblemwithusingperishablechassalt,tea,tobacco,cattle,pigsseedsasmoney,becausethestorageandionofthese ea Consequently,overtime,thebarteringsystemevolved,tpeople couldselltheirpigsthe sibletimeand receivecoinswhichcouldlaterbeused tobuygrainwhen thewasharvestedworld.

4、 Theseoriginalcoinsweremadewithbechainedhemiddlesothey Later,around700BCE,theLydians, whoheareaknownasTurkey,werepeopletomakesilvercoins.From around550BCEtheyproducedpuresilverandgoldwith their gods and emperors impred on the surface. From the fourth century BCE the Egyptiansusedgoldbarsasameansofex

5、change.Coinswerenowinwideruse.TheGreeksandRomansusedthemorescarcemetalsofbronze, goldandsilvertomaketheireantthecoinitselfbecamequitevaluable,whereasthercoinshadmadeofmore commonbaseInChina,around118BCE, asthemetalsavailableforakingdiminished,leatherdeveloped. Thisearlyformofrmoneywasmadeofwhitedeer

6、-skinedgedin colours. Thiswasgiveninexchangeoods.rmoney moretwhichusetodaybecamecommonlyedinChinafromaround 960CEonwards, butit much heWesternThesystemof ivemoney,whereapieceofrwas ion of goods moneyaccumulated,developedfromthecommoditymoneysystem.sstoredgoods,whichwereheformofoldbars, andofferedar

7、receipt theirvalue. Theserreceiptsweresoonbeingtradedasaformofmoney. Theasgoodasgolddevelopedfromthispracticeasitwasgenerallyt althoughreceiptitselfwasofverylittlevaluedasignificantvaluesinceitwas backed bypromisetopaytheamountedonthereceipt. Asaconsequenceofthispractice, inthe ofEnglandedpermanentl

8、ycirculatingnotes,butitwasnottheeighteenth t theuse ofednotesofafixed valueoAnothersystemofmoney which evolvedovertimet offiatmoney.Thisisnoton the ionofany commodityorpreciousmetal storedin a.Instead,itmoneywhichisgivenvalueby ernment.Fiatmoneyethestandard formnationalheworldtoday.Thistrendbeganin1

9、971whentheUniteddeclaredits dollarwouldnolongerbebackedbyanyThroughoutnationalheworldtoday.Thistrendbeganin1971whentheUniteddeclaredits dollarwouldnolongerbebackedbyanyThroughouthistory,coinshavebeenbyfarthemostimportant form ofmoney.Inanat SothebysinLondoninJuly 1995,200ancient coinssoldforovertwom

10、illionpounds.coin,edin 460BCEwas soldfordredandthirtytwothousand pounds.someonetotmuch foracoin,theymust bemadeofmoney.Just think, anold stashedaway inadrawersomewhereordughegardencould makeainanIfyou arehard up,findingan old aybejust whatyou needto helpmakeendsmeet.fact, ifyouwerelucky enoughtofind

11、 avery rarecoin,you toocouldend upwithmoneyMatchingLookatthefollowinglistifements.Matcheachement1)-7)withthecorrect (A - usedclamsasmadesubstitutecowrymadecoinsoutofmadesilverused goldbarsasmadecoinsfromlessexpensivemadethest rmoney fromanimalList ofGreeksandAccordingtothehereadingpassage,classifyth

12、efollowingementsbeing tedwithoneofthefollowingmonetarysystems.Writethecorrectletter,A,BCheABRepresenC Fiat8) pportedbythepromiseofgoldorsilverbarsas9) isalsoasystemofbarter,or10) usestcannotbeeasilystoredormoved11) is8) pportedbythepromiseofgoldorsilverbarsas9) isalsoasystemofbarter,or10) usestcanno

13、tbeeasilystoredormoved11) isthemostcommonodern12) providesareceiptasapledgeforanequivalentamountofacommodityt is beinghas amonetary worthsetbytheisnotsupportedby astoredproductorTranslatethefollowingo) ) ) 18) 虽然插画看起来像漫画，但不难找到线索帮s们区19) 这个系统由一系列复杂的工具组r，有20) 。Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthequestio

14、nsGeckosareremarkablelittlelizards,clingingtoalmostanydrysurface, andAlyssafromtheUniversityofAkron,US,ttheyappearto beequallyhappy throughtropicalrainforestcanopiesastheyareinurbansettings.8Alotofgeckostudiesat thevery small adhesivestructures ontheirtoestounderstandhowthesystemworksatmostbasicleve

15、l,9saysStark.Shettheanimalsgrip withmicroscopiconthesoles oftheirfeet,akecloseenoughcontacttobeattractedtothesurfacetheminutenHowever,sheandhercolleaguesTimothySullivanandPeterNiewiarowskiwereabout howthelizards copeon heirnatural. tldry ,Starksays8Westudieshadfocused onthereptilesclingingtothey rop

16、icaltprobablyhavealot ofrainandgeckosdont falloutofthetreeswhenitswet.9Yet,theanimalsdoseemtohavetroublegettingagripsmooth,wet,l, slidingdownwet verticalglassafterseveralsteps. Thedecidedtofindouthowgeckoswithwetfeetcopeonbothwetanddry.tinyharnessaroundthelizards pelvisandgentlyloweringtheanimalonto

17、aplateofglass,Stark andlowedtheanimalewellattachedbeforeconnectingharnesstoatinytinyharnessaroundthelizards pelvisandgentlyloweringtheanimalontoaplateofglass,Stark andlowedtheanimalewellattachedbeforeconnectingharnesstoatinymotorandgentlypullingthelizarduntilitcameunstuck.Thegontenaciously, andonlyc

18、ameunstuckatofaround 20N -about 20timestheiryview,thegeckoent system is over-designed,9 says bodyweight. Next,thetriosprayedtheglassplatemistofwaterandre-testedthelizards,thistimetheanimalsroblemsholdingtight.Thedropletserferingwithlizardsentmechanism,butitwasntclearhow.Andwhentheteamimmersedgeckosi

19、nabathofroom-temperaturewatersmoothglassbottom,theanimalsyunabletoanchorthemselvestothesmoothsurface. Thetoessuper-hydrophobic,9(i.e.waterrepellent)explainsStark,whocouldseeasilverybubbleofair around their toes. But, they were unable to displace thewater around their feet to make thetighttusuallykee

20、ps thegeckos inThentheteamtestedthelizardsadhesiveonthedrysurfacewhentheirdbeensoakingfor90minutes,andtthelizardscouldbarely holdon,detachingtheywerepulledforceroughlyequallingtheirownweight.tmight be thetweseewhenthegeckosclimbverticallyupmistedglass,9saysStark.geckosclimbingonwet withfeetareconsta

21、ntlyonthevergeofStarktwhenthesoggylizardswerefacedwiththemistedandimmersed, theyslippedassoonastherigstartedpulling.Thereforegeckoscanwalkon,aslongastheirfeetarereasonablydry.However, assoonastheirfeetgetwet,arebarelyabletohang on, andtheteam iskeentounderstandhowlongittakesgeckos recoverfrom aWhich

22、paragraphcontainsthefollowingN.B.Youmayuseanyletter n21)visualevidenceofthegeckosabilitytoresist 22)a tisyetto beanswered bythethemethodusedtocalculatethetheresearchers opinionofthegeckoserof25)amentionofthedifferentenvironmentswheregeckoscanbe26)thecontrastnStarksresearchandtheworkofother27)thedefi

23、nitionofascientificChoosethetence28)Otherresearchershaveaimedtodiscover29)Thework ofStarkandherteam isdifferent becausethey wantedtofindout30)Starksexperimentst31)Theresearchers wouldstillliketoknow29)Thework ofStarkandherteam isdifferent becausethey wantedtofindout30)Starksexperimentst31)Theresearc

24、hers wouldstillliketoknowA)geckos struggletogripontodryglassaswell aswetB)themechanismofuallyC)geckoshaveaweakernpreviouslyD)geckos areabletogripinrainforestE)geckosareabletorecovertheirabilitiesaftergettingF)geckos can gripmoreeasilyiftheirfeet arenot Underlinethewordsorphrasesinrewritethem usingth

25、ewordsintshowopinionandattitude.le:Perhapsthisisbecausetoday9steachersarenottrainedaswellastheyusedto(might)-Thismightbebecausetoday9steachersarenottrainedaswellastheyusedto32)AsfarasI9mconcerned,wehavenotdoneenoughtoaddresstheproblem.ally,Idon9tthinkthisisagoodidea.34)Icertainlywouldn9tliketohaveto

26、doajobIdidn9tenjoy.35)Ithinkthiscouldbeabadidea. yview,lifeisorecomplicatedforyoung peoplenowadays.ally,Ithinkeverysituationisdifferent. 38)Nowadays, youngpeopleprobablyusetheirmobilephonesformultipletasks.yopinion,schoolsaremorenhepast. 40)Mycityislesscrowded nowandpeoplegenerally enjoywalkingthrou

27、ghtheAWLSublist41. DisneysearlycartoonfeaturesarenowconsideredhefieldVictoriahas enacted anew bylaw which smokinginallThebetteryourEnglishlanguageskills,themoreyou areabletotalkabout44. twinsdevelopfromtheequalofafertilized45. AfterVictoriahas enacted anew bylaw which smokinginallThebetteryourEnglishlanguageskills,themoreyou