白细胞和免疫系统课件

1、Blood, Lymph and Immune SystemsChapter 10Blood, Lymph and Immune SystemBloodhem/o and hemat/oplasma - 55%formed elements - 45%serum - plasma without clotting proteinsBloodhem/o and hemat/oBlood CellsRBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesisWBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesisPlatelets - thrombocytes - thrombop

2、oiesisBlood CellsRBC - erythrocytes Erythrocyteserythr/o - redcyte - cellHemoglobin - blood protein transports oxygenReticulocyte - immature erythrocyte RBCs produced by red bone marrowErythrocytesLeukocytesleuk/o - whiteProtect the body against invasionPass through capillary wallsLeukocytesleuk/o -

3、 whiteGranulocytesneutrophils (phagocytosis)eosinophils (allergies)basophils (promote inflammation)Agranulocyteslymphocytes (production of circulating antibodies)monocytes (macrophages)Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus, abscess.GranulocytesThrombocytessmallest formed e

4、lementmade in bone marrowessential to blood coagulationIf injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot.Thrombocytessmallest formed elPlasmaplasma92% wa

5、ter8% plasma proteinsalbuminglobulinfibrinogenserum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogenPlasmaplasmaFunctions of the Immune System To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substancespathogenic microorganismsallergenstoxinsmalignant cellsFunctions of the Immune SystemStructure

6、s of the Immune SystemUnlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vesselsAction depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systemsWorks primarily through antigen-antibody reactionStructures of the Immune SysteLymphatic Syste

7、mMajor structureslymph vesselslymph nodeslymph fluidtonsilsAlsospleenthymusLymphatic SystemMajor structurFunctions of the Lymph Systemlymph/odrain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the bloodtransport materials (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to body cellscarry away waste products to the

8、blood transport lipids away from digestive systemcontrol of infectionFunctions of the Lymph SystemlLymph SystemLymph originates in blood plasmaInterstitial fluidcleans and nourishes body tissuescollects cellular debris, bacteriareturn to blood or lymph capillariesLymph SystemLymph originates iLymph

9、Nodeslocated in lymph vesselssmall round or oval structures (filters)depositories for cellular debrisbacteria and debris phagocytizedLymph Nodeslocated in lymph veLymph Nodesinside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes)almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in no

10、des and often swell as an indicator of the disease processLymph Nodesinside are masses oSpleensac-like mass of lymphatic tissuefilter for lymphphagocytic cellshemolyticSpleensac-like mass of lymphaThymuslymphatic tissuemediastinumprimary role: changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunityThym

11、uslymphatic tissueTonsilsmasses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not lymphlocated beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contaminationany or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominanceshould not be removed unless absolut

12、ely necessary.Tonsilsmasses of lymph tissue Antigen-Antibody ReactionsAntigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigenAntigen-antibody reaction or immune reactionAnt

13、igen-Antibody ReactionsAntiWBCs for Immune Reactionsmonocytes - type of lymphocytes formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by bodybecome macrophagesmacrophage - phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cellslymphocytes - major class of WBCsformed in lymphatic tissueWBCs for I

14、mmune ReactionsmonocLymphocytesT cells or T Lymphocytesmature in thymus glandCell mediated immunityB cells or B Lymphocytesmature in bone marrowantibody-mediated immunityLymphocytesT cells or T LymphoT Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immunity)T Cell (cell mediated immunity)circulating lymphocytes

15、produced in bone marrowmatures in thymuslive for yearsprimary function: coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell MLymphocyte: T Cellshelper T cells - essential to proper functioning of immune systemMemory cells- remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if sa

16、me antigen introduced at a later timeLymphocyte: T Cellshelper T ceBlood GroupsFour blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCsA - A antigenB - B antigenAB - both AB antigensO - no AB antigensBlood GroupsFour blood groups Plasma does not contain the

17、 antibody against own antigenAntigens on the donors RBCs react with the antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.Plasma does not contain the anRh FactorRh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85% of pop. of US.Rh positive and Rh negativeRh neg pregnant woman may develop antibod

18、ies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.hemolytic disease of the newbornprevented with RhoGAMRh FactorRh factor is antigen ImmunityImmunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific diseaseAcquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during lifeImmu

19、nityImmunity-state of beinFactors That Influence Immune SystemHealthAgeHeredityFactors That Influence Immune AnemiasOxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reducedsymptom of diseaseerythropeniahypochromasiahematocritAnemiasOxygen-carrying capacitAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)Caused by HIV (

20、Human Immunodeficiency Virus)HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 yearsAIDS name applied during advanced stages of diseaseAfter immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.Acquired Immune Deficiency SynAutoimmune DisordersAntigens stimulate development of a

21、ntibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells. Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues.Multisystemic involvement.Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritisAutoimmune DisordersAntigens sEdemaHypoproteinemialowers osmotic pressure within bloodlarge a

22、mounts of plasma pass out of bloodpoor lymph drainageincreased capillary permeabilitycongestive heart failurelocalized edema, ascitesEdemaHypoproteinemiaHemophiliaHereditary blood clotting disordersex-linked, usually in menlack factor VIII, essential for blood clottinghematomashemarthrosisHemophilia

23、Hereditary blood cloInfectious MononucleosisAcute infection caused by virus.Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising.transmitted by droplet infectionInfection confers permanent immunityTreatment symptomaticInfectious MononucleosisAcute