语言学第四章知识点总结胡壮麟版

1、文档编码 : CM2W7M10E7W5 HY5U8D6W8Q8 ZI8J7O5R2V5Chapter 4 syntactic（句法的） relations positional relation 位置关系）For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrase that can occur in a clause.Positional relation or word order refers to the

2、 sequential of words in a language.（有序的） arrangement Positional relation are a manifestation表现）of one aspect of syntagmatic relations Word order is among the three basic ways word order genetic and classification to classify language words.Six possible types of language SVO VSO SOV OVS VOS English i

3、s SVO. relation of substitutability可代替性）refers to classes or sets of words Firstly relation of substitutability substitutable of each other grammatically in sentence with the same structure.Secondly it refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a sing

4、le word of a particular set.This is what Saussure called associative联想的） relations or in Hjemslevs paradigmatic纵聚性的 relation. relation of co-occurrence共现）Means words of different sets of clauses may permit pr require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to from a sentence or a particular

5、 part of a sentence.Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic rations partly to paradigmatic relations. grammatical construction and its constituents Grammatical construction Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrases structures to certain complex lexemes 词位

6、） immediate constituents 直接成分）Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction: This is tree diagram. 在句子结构分析中,成分用来指任何语言单位,而该单位又是更大语言单位的一部分,如在 The girl ate the apple 本身的 （A） the boy（B ate the apple C）都是一个成分, 成分可以和其他成分组合组成更大的单位,假如两个成分 B（ the boy C a

7、te the apple 结合起来形成一个更高的成分 A Word-level N=nounA=adjectiveV=verb S P=preposition NP VP Det=determinerAdv=adverbDe t N V NP Conj=conjunctionPhrasal De t N NP=noun phraseThe girl ate the apple AP=adjective phraseVP=verb phrasePP=preposition phraseS=sentence or clauseTo dismantle a grammatical construct

8、ure is this way is called immediate constituents or IC analysis.Bracketing is not as common in use, but it is an economic notation in representing the constituent/phrase structure of a grammatical unit. The girl ate the apple Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions Endocentric construction is one w

9、hose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, ., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types because the constituent items are subordinate to the

10、 Head. and Exocentric Constructions （信任结构）Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, ., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases belon

11、g to endocentric types because the constituent items are subordinate to the Head. Exocentric（并列结构）refers to a group of syntactically related words where none Exocentric construction of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable “ Centre ” or “ Head”

12、inside the group, usually includingthe basic sentence, the prepositional phrase, the predicate verb + object construction, and the connective be + complement construction. Coordination and Subordination Endocentric constructions fall into two main types, depending on the relation between constituent

13、s: Coordination （并列） is a common syntactic pattern in English and other languages formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but and or . Coordination of NPs: NP the lady or NP the tiger Coordination of VPs: VP go to the library an

14、d VP read a book Coordination of PPs: PP down the stairs and PP out the door Coordination of APs: AP quite expensive and AP very beautiful Coordination of Ss: S John loves Mary and S Mary loves John too.Subordination（从属） refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have d

15、ifferent syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. The subordinate constituents are words which modify the head. Consequently, they can be called modifiers. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents. There are three basic types of subordinate

16、 clauses: . Syntactic（句法） Function The syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.Names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicators, modifiers, complements, etc. Subject In English, the s

17、ubject of a sentence is often said to be the agent, or the doer of the action, while the object is the person or thing acted upon by the agent. In order to account for the case of subject in passive voice, we have two other terms “ grammatical subject” and “logical subject”Word order Subject ordinar

18、ily precedes the verb in the statement: Pro-forms The first and third person pronouns in English appear in a special form when the pronoun is a subject, which is not used when the pronoun occurs in other positions: Agreement with the verb In the simple present tense, an -s is added to the verb when

19、a third person subject is singular, but the number and person of the object or any other element in the sentence have no effect at all on the form of the verb Content questionsIf the subject is replaced by a question word who or what, the rest of the sentence remains unchanged, as in（范畴）The term cat

20、egory refers to the defining properties of these general units: Categories of the noun: number, gender, case and countability Categories of the verb: tense, aspect, voice NumberNumber is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as singular, dual, plural,

21、 etc. 性）Such contrasts as “ masculine : feminine : neuter ” , “ animate : inanimate ” , etc. for the analysis of word classes. （格）The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence. or concord may be defined as the requirement

22、 that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also, be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories., Clause and Sentence Prase is a single element of structure containing more than one w

23、ord, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses. Finite Non-finiteSubject Object Infinitive Adverbial Relative Participial Appositional Complement Gerundial sentence types: QuirkSVC Mary is kind. a nurse.SVA Mary is here. in the house.SV The child is laughing.SVO Somebody caught the ball. SVOC We have proved him wrong. a fool