高三英语语法总复习《句子成分和基本句型的讲解》

1、高三英语总复习语法句子成分和根本句型9/27/20221(Members of a Sentence)9/27/20222什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？ ！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is !9/27/20223现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的根本成分有七种：主语subject、谓语predicate、表语predicative、宾语object、定语attribute、状语(adve

2、rbial) 和补语complement。英语句子的根本结构可以归纳成五种根本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种根本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的根底。句子包括哪些成分？9/27/20224主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的局部一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.9/27/20225谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成They are teachers.She look

3、s well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.9/27/20226表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.9/27/20227宾语宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，

4、从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.9/27/20228宾语补足语在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go, Ill make you kin

5、g. Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I saw him enter the hall. The boss keeps them working all day. I heard my name called.9/27/20229状语状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.Without his help, we couldnt

6、 work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.9/27/202210定语定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine. Whats your name? A broken vase. I have 5 books. A sleeping boy. They made pap

7、er flowers. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do. It is a swimming pool.9/27/202211有哪几种常见的句型结构？9/27/202212种类类型主语S谓语动词v表语/宾语p宾语0宾补oc第1种S+VWework第种He playsviolin.第种We arestudents第种S+v+IO+DOshegaveme a pen.第种S+V+O+OCHe mademelaugh9/27/202213根本句型 一： 主系表 是系动词 1. This is an English-Chinese

8、dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry. 我们井枯槁了。 8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。9/27/202214系动词词

9、义不完整，在句中不能单独使用除省略句外，后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。 9/27/202215一、系动词的分类： 常见的系动词大致可分为三类。 第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be， look， feel， seem， appear， smell， taste， sound， turn out结果是、证明是等。 Youll be all right soon. You dont look very well. I feel rather cold. 9/27/202216 He seems to be ill. It appears that he is unhappy. The

10、 roses smell sweet. The mixture tasted horrible. How sweet the music sounds! The day turned out (to be) a fine one. 9/27/202217第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become， get， grow， turn， fall， go， come， run等。 He became a world-famous scientist. It is getting warmer and warmer. It grew dark. The food has turned b

11、ad. 9/27/202218 Yesterday he suddenly fell ill. Marys face went red. His dream has come true. The boys blood ran cold. 9/27/202219第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep， remain， continue，stay等。 Keep quiet, children! The weather continued fine for a long time. It remains to be proved. 9/27/202220系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词

12、、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。 The news was surprising.分词 His job is teaching English.动名词 The only method is to give the child more help.不定式 I must be off now.副词 The bridge is under construction.介词短语 That would be a great weight off my mind.词组 This is why he was late.从句 9/27/202221 所有的系动词都可接

13、形容词作表语，此处略举数例。 Our future will be beautiful. She looks unhappy today. Do you feel cold？ You seem/appear ill. The food tastes delicious. The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold. He often went hungry. 9/27/2022223.能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear， seem， get， prove， remain， turn out等。 She appears/

14、seems to be very young. He appears/ seems to have caught cold. They got to be friends。 The meeting turned out to be successful. The theory proved to be right. Much remains to be done. 9/27/2022234. 能接从句的有：be， seem， appear， sound， look等。 Thats why he fell ill. My idea is that we should help him. It s

15、eems/ appears to me that something is wrong. It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house. Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.9/27/2022245. 能接介词短语的有：be， feel， look， sound， taste，remain等。 be是特别活泼的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。 He is at home/ in the librar

16、y/ on the way home/ on holiday.They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave. The road is under repair.9/27/202225其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如： It feels like a rain.It looks like a rain. It sounds like a train going under my room. It tastes of apples.这有苹果的味道。 The concert remains in my memory. 9/27/2022266. 能接分词的系动词有：

17、be， become， get， grow， seem， appear等。 His report was surprising/ disappointing/delighting/moving/ astonishing The boy was moved/delighted/surprised/ disappointed/astonished。 He has become/ got/ grown/ interested in modern physics。 He seems/ appears drunk。 系动词后还可接代词、数词、动名词、副词及其词组，根本都是be的用法。其他系动词几乎不能这

18、样用或很少这样用。page439/27/202227一.纵观历年的高考题，对系动词的考查一直是高考中非常重要的热点之一，对于考生来说也是难点所在。高考对系动词考查的覆盖面广，涉及的系动词较多，重点考查的是 get ，其次是 feel 和 remain ，考查的难度在逐年增大。 二 . 对表示状态变化的系动词的考查 英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有 get ， turn ， turn out 结果是， go ， come 成为， fall ， become 等。 9/27/2022281. 对 get 的考查 get 表示状态的改变，意为“变成，变得，做成，它后面可以接形容词、 v-ing 形

19、式、过去分词等。 Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party. A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 9/27/202229 Be careful when you cross this very busy street, if not, you may _ run over by a car. A. have B. get C. become D. turn As we joined the big crowd I

20、got _ from my friends. A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed 分析：例中考查的是“ get 过去分词构成的系表结构。例 get changed 意为“换衣服，例 get run over 意为“碾过，压过，例 get separated 意思是“冲散，别离，所以正确答案分别是 A 、 B 、 B 。 9/27/2022302. 对 go 的考查 系动词 go 的意义是“变成，成为，后多跟形容词，如 go bad, go mad, go wrong, go hungry, go sour 等。例如： On hearing the

21、news of the accident in coal mine, she _ pale. A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared 分析：该题考查的是“ go+adj. 系表结构。 got 和 changed 不能与 pale 搭配起来表达这一状态的变化，而 appeared 是表示状态存在的系动词。所以正确答案是 C 。 9/27/2022313. 对 fall 的考查 系动词 fall 表示“不知不觉地或突然地进入状态，后常跟形容词、副词或介词短语等，如： fall ill 生病， fall apart 散开， fall asleep, fall in

22、to a deep sleep 睡熟。例如： As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A.read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell 分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词“ fall+adj. 结构， fall asleep 是短暂性动词短语，不能用于进行时态，故正确答案是 B 。句意是“她读报时，奶奶睡着了。9/27/202232三 . 对表示状态存在的系动词的考查 常见的有 be, seem, appear, look, feel, sm

23、ell, sound, keep, taste, remain, prove, stay, lie 处于某种状态， stand 处于某种状态等。 1. 对 remain 的考查 系动词 remain 的意思是“保持，继续，依然不变，后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。 Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C.seeing D. seen 9/27/202233 Alt

24、hough he has taken a lot of medicine, his health _ poor. A. proves B. remainsC. maintains D. continues 分析：例中的 remain 是个半系动词，“有待被看，证实，所以应用不定式的被动式，故答案是 B 。例中 remain poor 意为“仍然很差， maintain 意为“维持，保持，继续，不与形容词 poor 连用，所以正确答案是 B 。 9/27/2022342. 对 stay 的考查 stay 意为“保持原状，维持，后面可以接形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等。 The weather h

25、as stayed warm all week. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ fresh for several days. A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed 分析：该题考查的是系动词 stay 后接形容词 fresh 的系表结构，它表示一种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是 B 。 9/27/2022353. 对 appear 的考查 appear 的含义是“似乎，好似，看来如关于某人的性格、感情或意图，此时不

26、用进行式，后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。 She appeared rather upset about something. 看来有些什么事使她心烦。 Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything. 上海 2001 A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told 9/27/202236分析：句意是“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她看上去已经知道一切事情。句中 tell 后面没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为“知道一切发生在“告诉真相

27、之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是 D 。4. 对 feel 的考查 feel 的意思是“感觉是，似乎，后常接形容词、副词、介词短语等。 I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea. A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes 9/27/202237 Do you like the material? Yes, it _ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt 分析：这两道考题考查

28、的是“ fell+adj. 的系表结构。例中 feel good 意为“感觉舒服；例 feel soft 意为“摸上去软和，此时，主动结构表示被动的含义。所以正确答案分别是 B 和 C 。 9/27/2022385. 对系动词 look 的考查 look 有“看来，显得等意，后面常接形容词、介词短语、不定式短语、从句等。 The plan looks good on paper, but will it work? 这个方案从外表上看来不错，但能行得通吗？ You dont look very _. Are you ill? - No,Im just a bit tired.A. good B

29、. well C. strong D. healthy 分析：尽管提供的四个备选项都是形容词，但 look well 的意思是“看上去气色好，符合对话的语境，故正确答案是 B 。9/27/2022396. 对 sound 的考查 sound 有“听起来，令人觉得，似乎等含义，后面可以接形容词、名词短语、介词短语、不定式等。 She sounds to be a very strange woman. 听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人。 What he said sounds _ . A. nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully 分析：四个

30、选项中只有 friendly 是形容词，可以和 sound 连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是 C 。 9/27/2022407. 对 taste 的考查 taste 在使用时不用进行时态，含义是“尝起来，有某种特殊的味道，一般接形容词构成系表结构。 These oranges taste nice. 这些橙子味道很好。 These oranges taste _ . A.good B. well C. to be good D. to be well 分析： taste 是系动词，所以要用形容词 good 作其表语。 well 作形容词时，意思是“健康的

31、，只能形容人，不能形容物。故正确答案是 A 。 9/27/2022418. 对 smell 的考查 smell 经常与形容词连用，意思是“闻起来，有气味，发出的气味。 This book smells old. 这本书有一股霉味。 We dont care if a hunting dog smells _, but we really dont want him to smell _ . A. well; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad 分析：第一空前的 smell 是不及物动词，意为“嗅，闻，有嗅觉，副词 badly 修饰 sme

32、lls ；而第二空前的 smell 是系动词，与形容词 bad 构成系表结构。 答案为D9/27/202242根本句型 二： 主谓主语：可以作主语的成分有名词如boy，主格代词如you，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ 谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词vi.没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 不及物动词 1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。2. The

33、 universe remains. 宇宙长存。3. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4. Who cares? 管它呢？ 5. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 6. The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。9/27/202243主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so

34、as to catch the first bus.4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.5. He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.9/27/202244稳固练习：1她昨天回家很晚。 2会议将持续两个小时。 3在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化.41919年，在北京爆发了“五.四运动。5每天八时开始上课。 2. The meeting will last two

35、hours.3. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 4. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 5. Classes begin at eight every day. 1. She went home very late yesterday evening. 9/27/202245稳固练习： 6这个重五公斤。 7五年前我住在北京。8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 10. 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借

36、书。 6. This box weighs five kilos. 7.I lived in Beijing five years ago.8.In autumn, some birds fly to the south. 9. My grandfather gets up early in the morning. 10.Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.9/27/202246根本句型 三： 主谓宾构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等 及物动词 1. Who kno

37、ws the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他成认犯了错误。 9/27/202247稳固练习：1昨晚我写了一

38、封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过屡次了。 4他们成功地完成了方案。 5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 I wrote a letter last night. I want to talk with you this afternoon. He has read this book many times. They have carried out the plan successfully. That gentleman can speak three languages fluently. 9/27/202248稳固练习： 6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 7Jim 还不会

39、自己穿衣服。 8我们大家都相信Jack 是一个老实男孩。 9. 他不知道说什麽好。 10. 我开窗户你在意吗？ I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia. Jim cannot dress himself. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. He did not know what to say. Do you mind my opening the window? 9/27/202249根本句型 四： 主谓间宾直宾 及物 多指人 多指物 1. She ordered hers

40、elf a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。6. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。 9/27/202250但假设要先说出直接宾语事物，后说间接宾语人，那么要借助于介词t

41、o或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.9/27/202251用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：需借助to的bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；需借助for 的 buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, g

42、et, make, order, sing, save, spare等。9/27/202252稳固练习：1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4他把车票给列车员看。 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. Would you please pass me the dictionary? He showed the ticket to the conductor. 9/27/202253稳固练习

43、： 5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。 Shall I call you a taxi? The new machine will save you a lot of labour. 7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary.9/27/202254说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，假设无宾语补足语，那么句意不够完整。The sun keeps us warm.

44、 I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut. 根本句型 五： 主谓宾宾补9/27/202255 及物 宾语 宾补名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war| made| him |a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods |make |the job| easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I |often find| him |at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher| ask |the students |to

45、 close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词I |saw |a cat |running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.9/27/202256 用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.9/27/202257 稳固练习：1我们叫她Alice. 2我们大家都认为他是老实的。 3他们把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。 5 .卫兵

46、命令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice. All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut every month. We wont let

47、her go out at night. 9/27/2022589那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 10她正在听人家讲故事。11我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 12他感到很难跟你交谈。 13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 14学校定了一条规那么，开始上课时学生要起立。 The terrible sound made the children frightened. She is listening to someone telling stories. I have never seen the word used that way before. He felt it very difficult

48、to talk with you. I consider it possible to work out the problemin another way. The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 9/27/202259 英语根本句型6 There be 句型 说明： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live,

49、 stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.9/27/202260 Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有 there has/have been 可

50、能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 9/27/202261稳固练习：1这个村子过去只有一口井。 2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 3天气预报说下午有大风。 4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 5战前这儿一直有家电影院的. There was only a well in the village. Among the gue

51、sts there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. The light is on. There must be someone in the office. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 9/27/202262稳固练习：6恰好那时房里没人。 7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 8公共汽车来了。 9就只剩下二十八美元了。 10铃响了。 There happ

52、ened to be nobody in the room. Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. There comes the bus.There remained only twenty eight dollars. There goes the bell. 9/27/202263但常用的英语句子并不都象根本句型这样简短，这些句子除了根本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语modifier而加以扩大。我们称之为： 定语、状语9/27/202264一、 定语：汉语中常用的表示。通常位于

53、被修饰的成分前。假设修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，如：something、nothing；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，那么定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen./小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。There are two boys in the room./房间

54、里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。9/27/202265介词短语作定语：The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。 名词作定语：There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需

55、要一支钢笔。不定式作定语：There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 分词短语作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。9/27/202266二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地

56、点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为： 1)通常在句子根本结构之后，强调时放在句首； 2)修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前； 3)表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前； 4)一些表示不确定时间如：often或程度如：almost的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。 9/27/202267有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意.如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩此时in the classroom为g

57、irl的定语;也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩此时in the classroom为地点状语，最好写做：In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.9/27/202268副词短语作状语：The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。程度状语The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。宾语较长那么状语前置The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。程度状语The boy needs a pen

58、now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。时间状语 9/27/202269介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。地点状语Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) 分词短语作状语：He sits there,ask

59、ing for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。表示伴随状态Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。原因状语Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. 因为受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。原因状语 不定式作目的状语：To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 名词作状语：Come this way!/走这条路！方向状语 9/27/202

60、270状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 三、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们 9/27/202271四、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。感慨词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词y