功能对等理论视角下2018政府工作报告翻译策略研究 公共管理专业

1、摘要改革开放的深入发展，中国综合国力和国际地位的提升，越来越多的国际友人想要了解中国的方针政策。每年的政府工作报告包括了我国政治，经济，文化的发展现状和下一年的工作部署，因此准确翻译政府工作报告有利于世界了解中国,也有利于提升中国的文化软实力。本文选取2018 政府工作报告为研究对象， HYPERLINK javascript:; 根据奈达的功能对等理论，重点从词汇，句法和语篇三个层次对政府报告的翻译进行分析。运用政府工作报告中的翻译实例，采用观察法和举例法对其进行分析。用实例阐述在功能对等理论指导下，政府工作报告的英译本如何实现了功能对等。通过研究分析得出以下结论：1.汉语和英语差异较大，译

2、文和原文几乎不可能实现完全的对等。因此保证其意义方面的功能对等，译者需要恰当地改变语言的表达方式。2.政府工作报告用语严谨，文体正式，为准确传递原文精神，译者在选词和句式上都要选用正式的表达方式。3.中西方在文化方面存在着差异，而这些差异主要体现在在政治制度方面，因此译者需要在准确传递原文政治文化含义的同时，也要尽可能的选择目标语读者易于接受的表达。4.采用直译，解释，替代，拆分，合并 HYPERLINK javascript:; 等翻译方法可以实现译本和原文的对等。总的来说，在功能对等理论指导下，政府工作报告原文和译文的表达实现了一致，从而能让读者更好的理解中国的方针政策，达到了翻译的目的。

3、可见，翻译政府工作报告这种文体，应用功能对等理论是可行的。同时也为我们以后翻译政治文本提供了借鉴。关键词： 功能对等, 政府工作报告,翻译策略AbstractWith th HYPERLINK javascript:; edeepeningofreformandopeningup,enhancementofChinascomprehensivenationalstrengthandpromotionofits international status, more and more foreigners want to know the China. The annual Government

4、Work Report includes the current situation of, political, economic and cultural development in China and the development of work in the coming year. Therefore, the accurate translation of Government Work Report can make the world understand China and improve the Chinas cultural soft power.In this th

5、esis, GWR in 2018 are selected as the research object. Basing on the functional equivalence, the author will analyze the translation of Government Work Reports from lexical and syntactic and discourse levels. Applying to the translation examples in GWR, the author adopt observation and example to an

6、alyze the text. Under the guidance of functional equivalence, examples are given to illustrate that the English version has achieved functional equivalence.By analyzing the original text and its English version, the author draws the following conclusions. First,because Chinese is different from Engl

7、ish, it is impossible to get a translation,which is absolute equivalent to the original text. So The translator need adjust in the form of the language so as to achieve the functional equivalence in meaning. Second,the language used in the Chinese GWR2018 is formal. The translator should apply forma

8、l expressions in English. Third, The cultural gap between the East and the West, especially the different political systems, brings many difficulties to the C-E translation of the GWR2018. The translator transfers the accurate political connotation. At the same time, the translator should choose Eng

9、lish expressions which are more easily to be accepted by the target readers.In short, under the guide of theory, the expression of original and target text achieved equivalence, which can make the target reader understand Chinas policy and reach the purpose of translation texts. As for this type of

10、Government Work Reports, the application of functional equivalence theory is feasible for the translation. Meanwhile, the process expanded the scope of translation field.Key Words: Functional Equivalence Theory; GWR ; translation strategyChapter1.IntroductionIn this chapter, background, objectives a

11、nd outline of the study will be introduced. According to this part, the reader can have a basic understanding about this study.1.1Background of the StudyGovernment Work Report plays an important role in fields of economy, politics, culture and diplomacy in China. Foreigners know Chinas development b

12、y translation of the Report on the Work of the Government. However, there has been a dispute about it. The dispute is form or meaning which is more important in the process of translating. In translation,some argue that translator need to understand the meaning of the original language and then expr

13、ess it in the target language. But others insist that the form should be placed above the meaning in the translation process. This dispute has never stopped in the history of translation. In fact, they do not find the target receptor need to be considered in translation. The translator need target r

14、eceptors help in translation so that they can find effective translation methods. So Nidas functional equivalence theory is the best choice,which highlight the text-reader relationship.Based on functional equivalence theory, we take the translation of GWR 2018 as the material to analyzed,try to sett

15、le some difficulties in translation and show some effective methods to C-E translation.1.2 Objectives of the StudyThis thesis is supposed to illustrate that functional equivalence theory has been realized in the Chinese-English translation of the GWR2018. And appropriate methods for Chinese-English

16、translation of this political text will be explored.Hopefully, it will provide answers to the following questions:1) .How is functional equivalence achieved in the translation of GWR in 2018 in lexical and syntactic and discourse levels respectively?2) What methods are adopted to achieve functional

17、equivalence in the translation of the Report on the Work of the Government in 2018?1.3 Outline of the thesisThis thesis is mainly composed of five chapters.Chapter 1 makes a general introduction to the background, objectives and the outline of the study. Chapter 2 provides a brief review of the prev

18、ious work in relevant field, including a brief introduction of contributions made by numerous researchers. Chapter 3 introduces theoretical framework. Chapter 4 gives some examples to explain the functionalism translation theory. Chapter 5 concludes the study with a discussion on major findings, lim

19、itation of this thesis and some suggestions for the further study.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1A review of Functional EquivalenceThe functional equivalence theory is put forward by American Eugene Nida in 1964. In order to reduce the cultural difference between the original text and target text, we

20、 need a theory to guide. In this paper，Nidas Functional Equivalence is the fundamental theory of Government Work Report, which should be briefly introduced2.1.1A review of Functional Equivalence abroadThe word equivalence firstly appeared in translation during the period from the mid 18th to the end

21、 of 19thcentury. The early equivalence theory origin from Russia and following country like States, Germany, Britain and other European countries. In 1934, Smirnov wrote The Soviet Union Encyclopedia Literature and proposed the theory of “equivalence translation”, who believes translators should fai

22、thfully re-exhibit the real intentions of the authors, including the contents, feelings and structures. Fedorov(1953) proposed “translation equivalence” on the basis of Smirnov. He thought that the equiva HYPERLINK javascript:; lencerelationbetweenthesourcelanguagetextandthetargetlanguagetextisthatt

23、he source language text is totally equal to the target language text. Afterwards Barkhudalov, inherited and developed the translation ideas of Fedorov. His theory centers on the translation unit, which is the smallest unit getting equivalence in the source language text. At the same time, he divides

24、 the translation unit into six layers: phone, phoneme, word, phrase, sentence and discourse.In the 1980s, Nida put forward the theory of dynamic equivalence. In his book Toward A Science of Translating, some details are included.He thought that “ in the translating process,translators emphasize the

25、dynamic relations rather than the static relations; HYPERLINK javascript:; therelationbetweenthetargetlanguagerecipientandthetargetlanguageinformationisbasically the same with the relation between the source language recipient and the source language information.” Nidas theory emphasizes the equival

26、ence of communication effects rather than the popular formal equivalence The literary style deeply influences the accuracy of information. Consequently, Nida pointed out that formal equivalence is unacceptable. In his opinion, “ translation is not only a kind of skill, but also a science; and dynami

27、c equivalence emphasizes that language translation cannot be limited to the formal mechanic equivalence, but it should emphasize more the spiritual connotation of the target language text and HYPERLINK javascript:; guaranteethatthetargetlanguagereadersandthesourcelanguagereadershavethesamereactions.

28、” Compared with formal equivalence, dynamic equivalence is not limited to form, but emphasizes that meaning is the first and form is the second. However, Nida also pointed out that does not mean to neglect the formal equivalence.In the later stage, in order to avoid having misunderstanding of “dynam

29、ic equivalence”, Nida changes it to functional equivalence . It is because that he thought that dynamic is not to show the communicative function of translation and functional more focus on the contents and results of translation. According to the surface structure theory of Chomsky, Nida proposes t

30、hat translation is communication; if translation fails to play the role of communication and fails to be understood by the translation recipients, it is meaningless. Nida indicates that language translation is the process of optimization and regrouping of language, which includes two main categories

31、: formal category and functional category. Afterward,the“functional equivalence” indicates the equivalence performances such as literary style, grammar structure and language unit of the source and target language; its core is to seek for the functional equivalence of the two languages. Nida also fo

32、cused on readers participation in the translation processHowever, “translationequivalence” hasbeendiscussedinthe translation studies. Many translators are very interested in “equivalence”. Different schools put forward their views about equivalence. Mary Snell-Horny(1995:88)once stated that “Because

33、 this notion has become a major bone of contention in recent years, it deserves some discussion.” Wilss (2001:134) said, There is hardly another concept in translation theory which has produced as many contradictory statements as the concept of translation equivalence. In spite of that, many transla

34、tion theorists do not share completely same opinions on the definition of translation equivalence. And its value and role in translation practice are various in different theories. Catford(1965:20) at first gave the translation HYPERLINK javascript:; aelectionas“thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonel

35、anguage(SL)byequivalentmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).”Andheemphasized “the central problem of translation practice is that of finding TL translation equivalence.” Newmark is another great translation theorist in the West. Newmark(2001:46)stated that“semantic translation is personal and individual, f

36、ollows the thought processes of the author tends to over-translate, pursues nuances of meaning, yet aims at concision in order to reproduce pragmatic impactBut in the 21st century, functional equivalence theory has again attracted the attention of many scholars. The application and research of funct

37、ional equivalence theory have entered a new era. People have extended functional equivalence theory to the translation practice of literature, theology, history, politics, sociology and other fields.2.1.2. A review of functional Equivalence at homeAt home, before the appearance of functional equival

38、ence theory, there are many translation theory similar to it . After the Nidas functional equivalence theory coming to China, many Chinese scholars researched Nidas functional equivalence.Nidas functional equivalence theory has a big impact on the academic world. In China, there are about 4000 paper

39、s about the theory such as Liaos the Exploration of Modern Western Translation Theory; Xiongs The Remarks on Nidas Functional Equivalence Theory ; Xus The Choice of Significance in Translation; Wangs The Translation of Hotspot of CPC. In fact, many Chinese scholars have the same opinions as the Nida

40、.Early in 60s of the last century, Nida(1964) proposed “functional equivalence”. He thought that essence of information determines the contents and forms and translators goal determines the anticipated goal. At the same time, he hope that source readers and target readers have the same understanding

41、s. But at that time, China had gone through the great change: one-sided strategy after establishing the new state and the Great Cultural Revolution in the later period. So Nidas functional equivalence theory was introduced until the 70s and 80s of the 20th century. In 1981, Nidas book The Brief intr

42、oduction of translation theory published in China. This book has made the brief Introduction in Three Aspects:the origin and development of the functional equivalence theory, the definition of the translation and the procedures of translation steps, and the comparison of Chomskys conversion generati

43、ng methods and Nidas opinion. In 80s of the 20th century,more than 30 articles have been published. Functional equivalence theory begins to be accepted by Chinese translation scholars. In 1998, Jin put forward the equivalence in the book The Exploration of Equivalence Principle, which is similar to

44、Nidas equivalence.In the late 80s and the mis-term of 90s of the 20th century, Nidas theory began to be challenged. In China, Lv and Lao has repudiated the Nidas functional equivalence theory and began to find drawbacks of the theory. Lao (1998) indicated that it is impossible to reach the equivalen

45、ce of the same feeling between target readers and native readers. Zhang (1999) pointed out that there is no absolute equivalence.However, when the 20th century is coming, the government has seen the importance of the translation. The Chinese scholars had conducted a series of studies on this theory.

46、 And they also begin to apply the theory to studying other subjects. In 2003, Mas research on Nidas translation theory has further improved the developed the Nidas functional equivalence theory. In 2004, Gong proposed that the functional equivalence theory should be applied in our translating practi

47、ce especially the literature translation. Since 2010, many Chinese scholars has been applying the equivalence theory to more extended fields.2.2. Study of Translation of Government Work ReportThe Government Work Report belongs to political texts,which have been discussed in recent several decades .A

48、 great many of scholars from West and China have been studying the translation of political text. In the following parts，the research status of political texts in West and China will be introduced2.2.1Study of Translation of Government Work Report abroadThere are many scholars around the world probi

49、ng exclusively into the translation of political text. Christina Schaffner is one of them.Her main interests are translation studies and political discourse analysis. In her work Political Discourse Analysis from the point of view of Translation Studies,she(2002:117) argued that “political discourse

50、 very often relies on translation.Political discourse analysis(PDA)，however,has not yet taken full account of the phenomenon of translation”She put forward three factors that should be taken care ofFirst,pay attention to the lexical choice .Second,pay attention to the information selection and trans

51、fer. Third, pay attention to the illusion of identityIt means that the two languages are prerequisite to each other.They both source language and target language. She thought that translators should have the cultural background and awareness of particular case when doing translations. Hedges(2001:18

52、5) are defined as“words whose meaning implicitly involves fuzzine”, HYPERLINK javascript:; as“wordswhosejobistomakethingsfuzzierorlessfuzzy”.Hedgingdevices is used by politicians to relieve some commitments of their speeches and decreases the chances of being criticized. It Can also enhance the imag

53、e of the speaker. She also divided Hedges into four types：modifying hedges，quantifying hedges and specifying hedges. Modifying hedges shift the scope of indeterminateness of the utterance.All in all，scholars in western countries turned to study particular phenomenon in political texts.They focus muc

54、h attention on specific vocabulary choice.However, their researchers can definitely enlighten Chinese scholar on how to do C-E translation of Government Work Report2.2.2 Study of Translation of Government Work Report at homeWith the deepening of reform and opening up, enhancement of Chinas comprehen

55、sive national strength and promotion of its international status, more and more foreigners want to know the China. In recent years, some domestic scholars such Lu Jun, Fang Wenli, Nongsheng and Jia Yuling have made related researches on Work of the Government. translation of Report on the Jia Yuling

56、 is a well-known translator. In On How to Overcome the Tendency of “Chinglish” from the of Report on the Work of the Government issued in 2003, he explained why the phenomenon Chinglish occurred and how to avoid it. In addition, he issued another article Several Thoughts on of Central Documents in 2

57、0I1, he provided more suggestions as to how to translate the political documents in an effective way.In Politics Should Be Considered in Translation of Political Documents,Cheng Zhenqiu provides some suggestions for the English translators. Then in 2004, he issued another paper Translation of Politi

58、cal Documents to provide some detailed examples and some translation skills in order to help translators do better translation. Lu Min is a proficient master of translation of political documents. In 2002, he issued the paper of How to Translate the Central Committee Documents to provide some sugges

59、tions for political translation. Wang Nongsheng issued Several Thoughts on Transla HYPERLINK javascript:; tionofReportofthe16thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinain2002, in which he introduces some translation methods of the Report. .2.3 Space of this studyAlthough the research of GWR has str

60、etched in many aspects such as language and form. But the total number of the study thesis is not too many. Although there are many researches on translation skills and translation strategies, there are few research using the quantitative method to study one sort of lexical features or syntax featur