北京版高考英语高中总复习专题六《猜测词义（讲解练）》教与学

1、第二部分 阅读理解第一节 阅读理解专题六 猜测词义高考英语 北京专用解猜测词义题的方法有很多,如利用上下文的同义词或反义词、释义、例子、逻辑关系以及句子结构等。无论使用哪种方法考生都需清楚以下几点:1.一道猜测词义题未必只对应一种方法,利用上下文语境选取一个或几个解题方法是做题的关键,有时可以用构词法或代入法辅助确认所选答案是否合理;2.猜测词义题的目的不是检验考生对某个词语的认知,重要的是搞清楚它所处的句子要表达什么意思;3.不要只关注被猜测的词语所在的半句话或一句话,要以此句为中心,前后看一至两句,有的时候甚至要弄清楚整段话的主旨。方法技巧一、猜测单词或短语例1Which of the f

2、ollowing best explains“dominant”underlined in para-graph 2?A.Complex.B.Advanced. C.Powerful.D.Modern.(原文) Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farm-ers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In re-cent centuries, trade, industrialisation, t

3、he development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and bet-ter communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.分析解此

4、题的关键在于利用前后两个分句的逻辑关系和such as后面的例子,前面主要阐述了近些年全球化等因素造成很多语言消失,dominant前的and表示递进或顺承,所以我们可以推测and后面告诉了我们dominant languages取代那些消失了的语言,为什么dominant languages就能取代那些消失了的语言呢?我们看such as后面举出的语言就会发现,说英语、西班牙语和中文的人数量是非常多的,所以我们可以推断,一些“占优势的、强大的”语言由于全球化等因素的影响越来越流行,那么有些不占优势的、说的人少的语言就会慢慢消失,因此选择C项。例2The underlined phrase “

5、converge on” in Paragraph 3 probably means.A.tend towardsB.refer toC.turn intoD.put forward(原文) The new reports stress that humans hold no copyright on sound wisdom, and that a number of non-human animals produce what can rightly be called mu-sic, rather than random sounds. Recent in-depth analyses

6、of the songs sung by humpback whales show that, even when their organ would allow them to do otherwise, the animals converge on the same choices relating to sounds and beauty, and accept the same laws of song composition as those preferred by human musicians, and human ears, everywhere. 分析此题需要抓住全段主旨

7、,并且梳理出段中句与句之间的逻辑关系。本段的主旨句是第一句,在主旨句中强调了动物和人类一样都是可以创造出优美的音乐的。后面的句子是对主旨句的进一步阐述,在意思上是一致的,既然主旨句强调不是只有人类才能创造出音乐,动物也可以,那我们就可以推测converge on后面的the same choices和the same laws of song com-position指动物和人类在创造音乐时有很多共同点,那么动物就应该“倾向于”做出同样的选择,所以选择A项。例3The underlined part “abstain from” in Paragraph 3 probably means. A

8、.avoidB.practice C.continueD.try(原文) For the study, 12 young men were shown videos, which meant to bring about a variety of emotions, while researchers gathered sweat samples from them. All of the men were healthy and none of them were drug users or smokers, and all were asked to abstain from drinki

9、ng or eating smelly foods during the study period. 分析此题需要考生利用最后一句前后两个分句的逻辑关系解题,前半句提到所有人都是健康的并且不吸毒、不吸烟,那么and后面就应该在意思上与前半句一致,因此可以判断出后半句中的喝酒或吃有臭味的东西也是不可以的,故选择A项。二、猜测代词例1What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Not eating food.B.Taking a meal.C.Not sleeping well.D.Having a good sleep

10、.(原文) According to Phil Atherton, not eating a large meal before bedtime is impor-tant for getting a good nights sleep. The time gap between eating and sleep-ing should be at least three hours. So youd better avoid eating any food three hours before bed, as it will lower your blood sugar during slee

11、p and help min-imize damage from too much sugar floating around.分析解决此题首先要从So开始将整句话理解透彻,其次要把握这句话主从句的逻辑关系。逗号前提出建议,建议最好在睡觉前三个小时不要吃东西,逗号后面是as引导的原因状语从句,解释提出建议的原因,建议的核心部分是“avoid eating any food three hours before bed”,it指代的就是这部分,所以选择A项。例2In the sentence “To do this, we need to persuade mankind.” (Para.1),

12、 “this” refers to .A.abolishing war B.improving weaponsC.solving international problems D.living a peaceful life(原文) Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient insti-tution, which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always bad and usually foolish, but i

13、n the past the human race managed to live with it. Mod-ern inventiveness has changed this. Either man will end war, or war will end man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological(细菌的) or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater thr

14、eat. If we succeed in ending nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in ending war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international disputes(争端) in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is

15、 most skillful in killing people. It is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.分析此题首先可以确定的是答案的寻找范围,其范围应该就是前一句话。我们根据下划线前两句话:If we succeed in ending nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in end-ing war.可以看出停止战争才

16、是最终目标,这也与文章的第一句话呼应,所以To do this中的this指的就是ending war,这与A项意思一致。三、猜测句子例1What does the underlined part probably mean?A.Rocket scientists can ensure CNN works properly. B.Most of the viewers dont like to watch the news at work.C.Its necessary to understand when people watch the news.D.Its easy to know pe

17、ople neednt watch the news all the time.(原文)Ted Turner (founder of CNN) knew little, if anything, about the news busi-ness, but he knew it was inconvenient to watch the news only at the dinner hour, as was common before CNN. Turners solution was to create a cable channel dedicated to news 24 hours a

18、 day. The news establishment reflected conventional wisdom at the time, and predicted his idea would fail because no one wanted to watch the news all day. However, it doesnt take a rocket scien-tist to understand that viewers dont have to watch the news all day for the CNN to work. Viewers just have

19、 to watch when they want to get information. Due to conventional thinking, the critics failed to recognize the opportunity that was clear to Ted. They assumed that only what was familiar to them could work in the future. 分析解此题需要将有下划线的句子与其后面的一句话联系在一起理解。后面的句子阐述了一个事实观众只在想获取信息时才会去看新闻,不必全天都看新闻节目,这个道理很简单,

20、大家都明白,不需要像火箭科学家那么聪明。其实加下划线的句子按照字面意思理解没有太大障碍,但是如果单看此句有些考生可能会感到困惑,因为此段一直在说建立新闻频道的事情,突然提到火箭专家会让一些人误以为有特殊含义,如果结合后面一句话来理解,就会明白此处想表达的就是人们不必一直看新闻节目的道理是显而易见的,所以选择D项。例2By mentioning the underlined part in the last paragraph, Mr. Rosemond .A.blames parents for ignoring childrens rightsB.reminds parents to com

21、municate more with childrenC.encourages parents to involve children more in family affairs D.explains how previous generations of parents raised children(原文) Mr. Rosemond tracks the overturning of traditional family values to the end of the Second World War. He blames the change of the American family into a child-centered, self-respect-oriented (以为导向的) unit on psychologists and social workers, wh